History - 4HI1 PearsonEdexcel

A World Divided: Superpower Relations, 1943-72

Muhtasari

In 1943 the United States and the Soviet Union were allies fighting the same enemy. Within four years they were describing each other as the principal threat to civilisation, and within twenty they came closer to nuclear war than at any other point in history. No shot was ever fired directly between them, which is why the period is called a cold war, but millions died in the conflicts it produced elsewhere.

This note takes you from the wartime conferences through the division of Europe, the Berlin Blockade, Korea, Hungary, the three crises of Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia, and on to the arms control agreements of detente. It also gives you the tools to argue about the question historians have never settled: who was responsible?

Malengo

  1. Reasons for the Cold War: long-term rivalry, ideological differences, tensions during the Second World War, conferences at Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the attitudes of Truman and Stalin
  2. Early developments in the Cold War, 1945-49: Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe, the iron curtain, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, Cominform and Comecon, disagreements over Germany, the Berlin Crisis, NATO and the creation of two Germanys
  3. The Cold War in the 1950s: the Korean War, the Warsaw Pact, Khrushchev and peaceful co-existence, Soviet rule on Hungary, the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the nuclear arms race
  4. Three crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia: the U2 incident, the Berlin Wall, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and the Brezhnev Doctrine
  5. The Thaw and moves towards Detente, 1963-72: the Hotline, Test Ban Treaty, Outer Space Treaty, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, reasons for Detente, SALT talks and treaty

Maelezo ya Somo

The alliance of 1941 to 1945 was one of convenience against Germany, and the distrust underneath it was older than the war. The United States and Britain had sent troops to support the anti-Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War after 1918; the United States did not recognise the Soviet government until 1933; and Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in August 1939. During the war, Stalin repeatedly pressed for a second front in western Europe and did not get one until June 1944, which he interpreted as the Western allies waiting for Germany and the USSR to exhaust each other.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la A World Divided: Superpower Relations, 1943-72. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. At which wartime conference did the leaders agree to divide Germany into four occupation zones and promise free elections in liberated Europe? A) Tehran B) Yalta C) Potsdam D) Fulton Answer: B
  2. What was the policy of containment? A) Removing communist governments wherever they existed B) Preventing the further spread of communism C) Withdrawing American forces from Europe D) Sharing nuclear technology with allies Answer: B
  3. How did the Western allies respond to the Berlin Blockade of 1948? A) They withdrew from Berlin B) They forced a convoy through by land C) They supplied West Berlin by air for eleven months D) They referred the dispute to the International Court Answer: C
  4. Which of these was part of the settlement of the Cuban Missile Crisis? A) The Soviet Union kept its missiles under UN inspection B) The United States secretly agreed to remove its missiles from Turkey C) Cuba joined the Warsaw Pact D) The United States invaded Cuba Answer: B
  5. What did SALT I, signed in May 1972, actually do? A) Abolished nuclear weapons in Europe B) Capped numbers of missile launchers and limited anti-ballistic missile systems C) Banned all nuclear testing D) Reunified Germany Answer: B

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