History - 4HI1 PearsonEdexcel

Japan In Transformation, 1853-1945

Muhtasari

In 1853 Japan had deliberately restricted contact with the outside world for over two centuries, was governed by a military aristocracy, and had almost no modern industry. Fifty years later it had a written constitution, a conscript army, a national railway network and had defeated a European great power in open war. Ninety years later it lay in ruins under foreign occupation, having lost a war it began itself.

No other country in this period changed so far, so fast, in both directions. The examiner's interest is in the mechanism: what allowed Japan to modernise at extraordinary speed, why the same state that built parliamentary politics in the 1910s and 1920s abandoned them in the 1930s, and whether the collapse of 1945 was built into the Meiji settlement from the start.

Malengo

  1. Japan opening up to China and the West, 1853-67: the Perry Mission, opening the ports, causes of the fall of the Tokugawa, Choshu and Satsuma
  2. Transformation, 1867-1895: impact of the fall of the Tokugawa, political modernisation, the Meiji Constitution, the Cultural Revolution, Meiji culture, relations with Christianity
  3. An emerging power, 1895-1919: industrial and commercial revolution, Emperor Taisho, Taisho Democracy, changes in culture and society, relations with China and the West, the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War
  4. Political and economic challenges, 1919-31: political conflicts, universal suffrage, the labour movement, the Public Security Preservation Law, economic decline, the Great Kanto Earthquake, the world Depression
  5. Depression, empire and collapse, 1931-45: military dictatorship, relations with the USA, the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Manchukuo, Konoe's New Order, the effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Maelezo ya Somo

The question running through this whole period is what Japan should borrow from the West and what it should keep. Every phase gives a different answer. The late Tokugawa government tried to keep the West out and failed. The Meiji leadership borrowed institutions and technology wholesale while insisting that the result was more Japanese, not less. The Taisho years borrowed political forms, parties, unions and a mass franchise, and the 1930s violently rejected the borrowing while keeping every piece of the industrial and military machinery it had produced. Trace that argument and the period stops being a list of events.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Japan In Transformation, 1853-1945. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. What did the treaties Japan signed with Western powers in 1854 and 1858 impose? A) Full Japanese control over tariffs B) Extraterritoriality for foreigners and fixed low tariffs C) The immediate annexation of Japanese territory D) A military alliance with Britain Answer: B
  2. In which year was the Meiji Constitution promulgated? A) 1868 B) 1877 C) 1889 D) 1912 Answer: C
  3. Which war first saw an Asian state defeat a European great power in modern times? A) The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to 1895 B) The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905 C) The First World War D) The Boxer Uprising Answer: B
  4. What did the General Election Law of 1925 introduce? A) Votes for all adults regardless of sex B) Votes for all men aged twenty-five and over C) The abolition of the Diet D) Direct election of the prime minister Answer: B
  5. The Manchurian Incident of 1931 was significant mainly because: A) It ended the Sino-Japanese War B) Japanese army officers acted without government authority and were not punished C) It led Japan to join the League of Nations D) It caused the Great Kanto Earthquake Answer: B

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