Behaviour
Muhtasari
A male bowerbird spends weeks building a tunnel of twigs and decorating the ground in front of it with blue bottle tops, feathers and flowers, then rearranges them every morning. A gosling three hours out of the egg follows the first moving object it sees, for the rest of its childhood. A dog at an airport sits down beside one suitcase in a hall of two hundred. None of these animals is being charming, obedient or clever. Each is doing something that made its ancestors more likely to leave offspring behind.
This lesson treats behaviour as biology rather than personality. You will look at how animals advertise their quality to a mate and at the four mating strategies you are asked to know, at what parents gain and risk by caring for young, and at the five categories of behaviour on the specification: innate behaviour, imprinting, habituation, classic conditioning and operant conditioning. You will then see how trainers exploit conditioning to produce sniffer dogs and police horses, and how animals get messages to each other with sound, chemicals and visual displays.
Malengo
- Sexual reproduction requires the finding and selection of a suitable mate, and can involve courtship behaviours that advertise an individual’s quality. Animals have different mating strategies, including: a mate for life; several mates over a life time; a mate for a breeding season; several mates over one breeding season.
- Some animals have developed special behaviours for rearing their young. Parental care can be a successful evolutionary strategy, including: increased chance of survival of offspring; increased chance of parental genes being passed on by the offspring. Students should be able to explain how, within the animal kingdom, parental care may involve risks to the parents.
- The different behaviours displayed by animals include: innate behaviour; imprinting; habituation; classic conditioning; operant conditioning.
- Humans can make use of conditioning when training captive animals for specific purposes, including: sniffer dogs; police horses.
- Methods of communication within the animal kingdom. Animals use a variety of types of signals to communicate. Students should be able to describe the types of signals animals use to communicate eg sound, chemical, visual.
Ramani ya mawazo
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Maelezo ya Somo
Dokezo Kamili la Somo Linapatikana kwenye Programu ya Green Bridge
Pata programu ya Green Bridge CBT kwenye simu au kompyuta yako kwa maktaba kamili ya IGCSE: mitihani ya miaka iliyopita, miongozo ya usahihishaji, ramani za mawazo, kadi za marudio na masomo ya sauti.
Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Behaviour. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- Which term describes behaviour that an animal is born with and performs correctly at its first attempt? A. Habituation B. Imprinting C. Innate behaviour D. Operant conditioning Answer: C
- A gosling follows the first large moving object it sees after hatching. What is this behaviour called? A. Imprinting B. Habituation C. Classic conditioning D. Courtship Answer: A
- Birds stop flying away from a scarecrow after it has stood in a field for two weeks. Which type of learning is this? A. Imprinting B. Operant conditioning C. Innate behaviour D. Habituation Answer: D
- A dog is given food each time it sits on command and soon sits reliably. Which type of learning is being used? A. Classic conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Habituation D. Imprinting Answer: B
- Which of these is a chemical signal used in animal communication? A. The song of a male bird B. The raised tail feathers of a peacock C. A pheromone trail laid by an ant D. The alarm call of a monkey Answer: C
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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa
Fanya Mazoezi ya Maswali ya Majaribio
Ungependa kufanya mazoezi ya maswali ya majaribio kuhusu Behaviour? Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT ili kupata maswali ya majaribio na tathmini kamili za mazoezi kuhusu mada hii.
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