Alcohols
Muhtasari
Alcohols are among the most versatile organic compounds. Ethanol alone serves as a fuel, a solvent, a drink ingredient, and a feedstock for making other chemicals. What gives this family its identity is a single functional group - the hydroxyl group, -OH - attached to a carbon chain.
In this lesson you will learn how to name and draw the first four alcohols, explore the three ways ethanol can be oxidised, and compare the two industrial routes for manufacturing ethanol: hydration of ethene and fermentation of glucose. These are high-yield specification points that Edexcel tests regularly.
Malengo
- know that alcohols contain the functional group −OH
- understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for methanol, ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol only), and name each compound the names propanol and butanol are acceptable
- know that ethanol can be oxidised by: - burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion) - reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation) - heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
- know that ethanol can be manufactured by: - reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about 60-70 atm - the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in yeast
- understand the reasons for fermentation, in the absence of air, and at an optimum temperature
Maelezo ya Somo
Inapatikana kwenye programu ya Green Bridge
Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT kwenye simu yako au kompyuta yako ili kupata maelezo kamili ya masomo, maswali ya mazoezi, na mengi zaidi.
Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Alcohols. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- What is the functional group in alcohols? A) -COOH B) -OH C) C=C D) -CHO Answer: B
- What colour change is observed when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate? A) Green to orange B) Orange to green C) Blue to colourless D) Purple to colourless Answer: B
- Fermentation of glucose requires: A) Excess oxygen and high temperature B) Yeast, absence of air, and about 30 degrees Celsius C) A phosphoric acid catalyst D) High pressure and a platinum catalyst Answer: B
- What is the structural formula of ethanol? A) CH3OH B) CH3CH2OH C) CH3CH2CH2OH D) CH3COOH Answer: B
- Which of these is NOT a use of alcohols? A) Fuel B) Solvent C) Road surfacing D) Making vinegar Answer: C
Inapatikana kwenye programu ya Green Bridge
Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT kwenye simu yako au kompyuta yako ili kupata maelezo kamili ya masomo, maswali ya mazoezi, na mengi zaidi.
Inapatikana kwenye programu ya Green Bridge
Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT kwenye simu yako au kompyuta yako ili kupata maelezo kamili ya masomo, maswali ya mazoezi, na mengi zaidi.
Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa
Fanya Mazoezi ya Maswali ya Majaribio
Ungependa kufanya mazoezi ya maswali ya majaribio kuhusu Alcohols? Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT ili kupata maswali ya majaribio na tathmini kamili za mazoezi kuhusu mada hii.
Pakua Programu Kwenye Google Playstore
Kila kitu unachohitaji ili kufaulu katika JAMB, WAEC & NECO.
