Decay And The Carbon Cycle
Muhtasari
Nothing on this planet gets thrown away. A fallen oak leaf, a dead beetle, the shell of an egg, the carbon in your last breath: every one of them is on loan. Give it long enough and the same atoms turn up again inside a root, a seed, a fish or a person. Ecosystems do not run on fresh supplies of matter, because there are none. They run on the same finite stock of elements, used and returned and used again.
This lesson follows one element, carbon, all the way round that loop. You will see how a leaf traps it, how a feeding relationship passes it on, and how three separate routes send it back to the air: the respiration of plants and animals, the feeding of the microorganisms that rot dead material, and the burning of wood and fossil fuels. You will also learn the conditions that make decay fast or slow, why gardeners turn a compost heap, and why energy alone refuses to go round with the matter. Then you will meet the single question this topic is built around, because both biology papers, at both tiers, spend their only six-mark extended answer on it.
Malengo
- Living organisms remove materials from the environment for growth and other processes. These materials are returned to the environment either in waste materials or when living things die and decay.
- Materials decay because they are broken down (digested) by microorganisms. Microorganisms are more active and digest materials faster in warm, moist, aerobic conditions.
- The decay process releases substances that plants need to grow.
- In a stable community, the processes that remove materials are balanced by processes that return materials. The materials are part of a constant cycle.
- The constant cycling of carbon is called the carbon cycle. In the carbon cycle: carbon dioxide is removed from the environment by green plants and algae during photosynthesis; the carbon from the carbon dioxide is used to make carbohydrates, fats and proteins, which make up the body of plants and algae; when green plants and algae respire, some of this carbon becomes carbon dioxide and is released into the atmosphere; when green plants and algae are eaten by animals and these animals are eaten by other animals, some of the carbon becomes part of the fats and proteins that make up the bodies of the consumers; when animals respire, some of this carbon becomes carbon dioxide and is released into the atmosphere; when plants, algae and animals die, some animals and microorganisms feed on their bodies; carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when microorganisms respire; by the time the microorganisms and detritus feeders have broken down the waste products and dead bodies of organisms in ecosystems and cycled the materials as plant nutrients, all the energy originally absorbed by green plants and algae has been transferred; combustion of wood and fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Students should be able to apply the principles of the carbon cycle.
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Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Decay And The Carbon Cycle. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- Which group of organisms is mainly responsible for the decay of dead material? A. Green plants B. Herbivores C. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi D. Carnivores Answer: C
- Which combination of conditions gives the fastest rate of decay? A. Cold, dry and aerobic B. Warm, moist and aerobic C. Warm, dry and anaerobic D. Cold, moist and anaerobic Answer: B
- In the carbon cycle, which process takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? A. Respiration B. Combustion C. Decay D. Photosynthesis Answer: D
- Why does decay happen faster in aerobic conditions? A. Oxygen dissolves the dead material B. Aerobic respiration is more efficient C. Oxygen raises the temperature of the dead material D. Microorganisms only make enzymes when oxygen is present Answer: B
- A pile of dead leaves has a mass of 250 g. After 40 days its mass is 90 g. What percentage of the original mass has been lost? A. 36% B. 44% C. 64% D. 160% Answer: C
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