Section B: The Living World
Muhtasari
Cut a tropical rainforest down and the soil underneath is almost worthless within three or four harvests. That single fact confuses more students than any other in this section, because everything about a rainforest looks rich: the tallest trees on Earth, more species than anywhere else, rain almost every afternoon. The wealth is real. It is just not in the ground. It is in the living things, and when they go it goes with them.
In this lesson you will learn to read an ecosystem as a system: what feeds what, what recycles what, and what happens when a single component is pulled out. Then you will apply that to the two ecosystems this specification names. You will study a tropical rainforest in enough detail to use it as a case study, watch what deforestation does to it and weigh the strategies meant to slow it. And you will cross to the opposite extreme, the hot desert, where the limit is water rather than nutrients, and see how the fringes of those deserts are turning into desert themselves.
Malengo
- Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and abiotic components.
- Tropical rainforests Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics.
- Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts.
- Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable.
- Hot deserts Hot desert ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics. of climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people; how plants and
- Areas on the fringe of hot deserts are at risk of desertification.
- An example of a small-scale ecosystem to illustrate the concept of interrelationships within a natural system, an understanding of producers, consumers, decomposers, food chain, food web and nutrient cycling. The balance between components. The impact on the ecosystem of changing one component. An overview of the distribution and characteristics of large-scale natural global ecosystems.
- The physical characteristics of a tropical rainforest.
- The interdependence of climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people. How plants and animals adapt to the physical conditions. Issues related to biodiversity. Changing rates of deforestation.
- A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate:
- causes of deforestation - subsistence and commercial farming, logging, road building, mineral extraction, energy development, settlement, population growth
- impacts of deforestation - economic development, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, contribution to climate change. Value of tropical rainforests to people and the environment.
- Strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably - selective logging and replanting, conservation and education, ecotourism and international agreements about the use of tropical hardwoods, debt reduction.
- The physical characteristics of a hot desert; the interdependence
- animals adapt to the physical conditions.
- Issues related to biodiversity. Use examples to illustrate:
- Causes of desertification - climate change, population growth, removal of fuel wood, overgrazing, over-cultivation and soil erosion.
- Strategies used to reduce the risk of desertification - water and soil management, tree planting and use of appropriate technology.
Ramani ya mawazo
Mada hii imechorwa ili uone jinsi mawazo yanavyounganika.
Fungua ramani ya mawazo kwenye programu
Maelezo ya Somo
Dokezo Kamili la Somo Linapatikana kwenye Programu ya Green Bridge
Pata programu ya Green Bridge CBT kwenye simu au kompyuta yako kwa maktaba kamili ya IGCSE: mitihani ya miaka iliyopita, miongozo ya usahihishaji, ramani za mawazo, kadi za marudio na masomo ya sauti.
Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Section B: The Living World. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- Which one of the following is a producer in an ecosystem? A. A fungus B. A grazing antelope C. A green plant D. A soil bacterium Answer: C
- Which soil type is typical of a tropical rainforest? A. Chernozem B. Latosol C. Podzol D. Peat Answer: B
- What is the maximum annual rainfall normally used to define a hot desert? A. 100 mm B. 250 mm C. 500 mm D. 1000 mm Answer: B
- Which of the following is a cause of desertification rather than a strategy to reduce it? A. Building stone lines along the contour B. Planting shelter belts of trees C. Using solar cookers instead of fuel wood D. Grazing more animals on the same land Answer: D
- Why do many rainforest trees have buttress roots? A. To store water for the dry season B. To support a tall tree whose roots are shallow C. To shed heavy rain from the trunk D. To reach groundwater many metres down Answer: B
Fanyia kazi maswali haya kwenye programu
Fanyia kazi maswali haya kwenye programu
Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa
Fanya Mazoezi ya Maswali ya Majaribio
Ungependa kufanya mazoezi ya maswali ya majaribio kuhusu Section B: The Living World? Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT ili kupata maswali ya majaribio na tathmini kamili za mazoezi kuhusu mada hii.
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