Mathematics - 9260 OxfordAQA

Notation And Manipulation

Muhtasari

Algebra is arithmetic with the numbers left out on purpose. A letter stands for a number you do not yet know, or for any number at all, and once you can write the four basic arithmetic processes with letters instead of digits you can say something true about every case at once. That is why this topic sits at the front of the Algebra section: everything after it, from solving equations to differentiating a curve, is manipulation of the objects defined here.

You will use letters to express generalised numbers, substitute into formulae and transform them, tell an expression from an equation from an identity, collect like terms and expand brackets, factorise by taking out common factors and by recognising the difference of two squares, apply the index laws, and handle algebraic fractions. On the Extension Tier you will transform complex formulae where the subject appears twice, expand products of two or three binomials, factorise quadratics with a leading coefficient, work with fractional powers and algebraic denominators, and construct proofs.

Malengo

  1. [Core] use letters to express generalised numbers and express basic arithmetic processes algebraically
  2. [Core] substitute numbers for words and letters in formulae and transform simple formulae
  3. [Extension] transform complex formulae including when the subject appears twice
  4. [Core] understand and use the concepts of expressions, equations, formulae, identities, inequalities, terms and factors
  5. [Core] collecting like terms and expanding brackets up to expanding products of two linear expressions
  6. [Extension] expanding products of two or three binomials
  7. [Core] taking out common factors, factorising quadratic expressions of the form x² + bx + c; including the difference of two squares
  8. [Extension] factorising quadratic expressions of the form ax² + bx + c; including the difference of two squares
  9. [Core] index laws for multiplication and division using integer powers
  10. [Extension] including fractional powers
  11. [Core] manipulation of rational expressions: use of + - × ÷ for algebraic fractions with denominators being numeric
  12. [Extension] linear or quadratic algebraic expressions
  13. [Core] argue mathematically to show algebraic expressions are equivalent, and use algebra to support and construct arguments
  14. [Extension] to include proofs

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Maelezo ya Somo

Consider a claim: the difference between the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is always a multiple of 8. Check it with 3 and 5 and you get \( 25 - 9 = 16 \). Check it with 11 and 13 and you get \( 169 - 121 = 48 \). Check it with a hundred more pairs and you still have not proved it, because there are infinitely many pairs left. Write the odd numbers as \( 2n+1 \) and \( 2n+3 \) and three lines of algebra settle every case there will ever be. That is the power the letters buy, and a specimen Extension paper asks for exactly this proof for 3 marks.

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Tathmini ya Somo

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Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

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  1. Circle the expression that is equivalent to x^3 + 6x. A. x(x + 6) B. x^2(x + 6) C. x(x^2 + 6) D. x(x^2 + 6x) Answer: C
  2. You are given that p = m + 5. Which one of the following is true? A. m = p + 5 B. m + p = 5 C. m = 5 - p D. m = p - 5 Answer: D
  3. Factorise fully 6x^3 - 24x. A. 6x(x^2 - 4) B. 6x(x + 2)(x - 2) C. 6(x^3 - 4x) D. 3x(2x^2 - 8) Answer: B
  4. Simplify 5c^3 x 4c^7. A. 9c^10 B. 20c^10 C. 20c^21 D. 9c^21 Answer: B
  5. Which of these is an identity? A. 2x + 1 = 9 B. 3x - 1 > 8 C. A = pi r^2 D. (x + 3)^2 = x^2 + 6x + 9 Answer: D

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