Refraction And Total Internal Reflection
Muhtasari
Stand at the edge of a clear pool and the bottom looks close enough to touch. Step in and the water comes up past your knees, because the floor was never where your eyes put it. Drop a spoon into a glass of squash and the handle appears to snap at the surface. Look along a road on a hot afternoon and the far end of it shimmers. None of those things is happening to the pool, the spoon or the road. All of them are happening to the light on its way to your eye, and all of them are the same single piece of physics.
That piece of physics is this: light does not travel at one fixed speed through everything. It races through empty space and through air, it is noticeably slower through water, and slower still through glass. Every time it crosses from one of those into another its speed changes, and if it arrives at the surface at an angle rather than head on, it has no choice but to swing round into a new direction. That swing is called refraction. In this lesson you will learn what causes it, how to work out which way a ray will turn at any surface you are shown, the one case in which nothing turns at all, and how to run a bench experiment that makes the bending visible on a sheet of paper. By the end you will be able to look at a ray diagram you have never seen before and say confidently which side of the normal the ray comes out on, and why.
Malengo
- The velocity of waves is affected by the medium they are travelling through. The speed changes. Unless the wave enters at 90° to the surface (along the normal) the direction also changes. This is called refraction.
- Light waves are refracted at an interface: when light enters a denser medium it is refracted towards the normal; when light enters a less dense medium it is refracted away from the normal.
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- A ray of light passes from air into a glass block. What happens to the light? A. It speeds up and bends away from the normal B. It slows down and bends towards the normal C. It slows down and bends away from the normal D. It keeps the same speed and bends towards the normal Answer: B
- A ray of light enters a glass block along the normal. Which statement is correct? A. The speed is unchanged and the direction is unchanged B. The speed changes and the direction is unchanged C. The speed is unchanged and the direction changes D. Both the speed and the direction change Answer: B
- Light travels at 3.0 x 10^8 m/s in air and at 2.0 x 10^8 m/s in a plastic. A ray travels from inside the plastic out into the air, meeting the surface at an angle to the normal. What happens? A. It speeds up and is refracted towards the normal B. It speeds up and is refracted away from the normal C. It slows down and is refracted away from the normal D. Its speed and direction are both unchanged Answer: B
- In a refraction experiment, the angle of incidence is measured between the incident ray and which line? A. The surface of the block B. The normal at the point where the ray meets the surface C. The refracted ray D. The long edge of the paper Answer: B
- Light of frequency 5.0 x 10^14 Hz travels at 2.0 x 10^8 m/s inside a glass block. What is its wavelength inside the glass? A. 2.5 x 10^-7 m B. 4.0 x 10^-7 m C. 6.0 x 10^-7 m D. 1.0 x 10^-6 m Answer: B
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