The French Revolution, C1780-99
Muhtasari
In May 1789 Louis XVI was an absolute monarch ruling the most populous kingdom in western Europe. Ten years later he was dead, the monarchy was abolished, the Church had been stripped of its lands, and an army officer from Corsica was about to make himself the effective ruler of France. Almost nothing about that outcome was predictable in 1789, and working out why it happened is one of the great problems in modern history.
This depth study takes you from the long-term pressures of the 1780s through the crisis year of 1789, the fall of the monarchy, the Terror and the Directory, to Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul. Along the way you will practise the skills Paper 1 actually rewards: separating long-term from short-term causes, explaining consequences, and reaching a judgement you can defend.
Malengo
- The origins of the Revolution, c1780-87: the long-term causes including the influence of the Enlightenment, the impact of the American War of Independence, the Three Estates, the role of Louis XVI, the unpopularity of Marie Antoinette, financial problems, policies of Necker, poor harvests
- Short-term causes of the Revolution: the Assembly of Notables (1787), policies of Calonne and Brienne, key events of 1789 including the Estates General, the Tennis Court Oath, the storming of the Bastille, the Grande Peur, the National Assembly
- Developments 1789-92: changes brought about by the Constituent Assembly, the flight to Varennes, the Sans Culottes, Girondins and Jacobins, the Legislative Assembly, the declaration of war on Austria and Prussia, the coup of August 1792
- Convention and Terror, 1792-94: the National Convention, the Edict of Fraternity, the trial and execution of Louis XVI, the Committee of Public Safety, the elimination of the Girondins, the role of Robespierre, the Terror
- Directory and First Consul, 1794-99: Robespierre's downfall, the Thermidorian Reaction, the White Terror, the Directory, the royalist challenge, the coup of 18 Fructidor, Napoleon Bonaparte named First Consul, achievements of the Revolution
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Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la The French Revolution, C1780-99. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- In which month and year did the Estates General open at Versailles? A) May 1788 B) May 1789 C) July 1789 D) October 1789 Answer: B
- Which body, created in April 1793, became in effect the executive government of France during the Terror? A) The Legislative Assembly B) The Directory C) The Committee of Public Safety D) The Assembly of Notables Answer: C
- What was the immediate result of the flight to Varennes in June 1791? A) Louis XVI was executed at once B) Trust in the king collapsed and republicanism grew C) France declared war on Austria D) The Bastille was stormed Answer: B
- The coup of 18 Fructidor in September 1797 was used by the Directory to: A) Purge royalist deputies after they won elections B) Abolish the monarchy C) Introduce the Law of the Maximum D) Make Napoleon First Consul Answer: A
- Roughly how many official death sentences were passed by the revolutionary courts across France during the Terror? A) About 1,600 B) About 16,600 C) About 166,000 D) About 400 Answer: B
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