Biology - 4BI1 PearsonEdexcel

Excretion

Muhtasari

Every metabolic reaction in your body generates waste. Some of these waste products are toxic and must be removed before they accumulate to dangerous levels. Excretion is the process that gets rid of them, and the kidneys are the organs that do most of the heavy lifting, filtering your entire blood volume roughly 40 times every day.

In this lesson you will learn what excretory products the body makes and which organs remove them, how the nephron filters blood and produces urine, and how ADH regulates the water content of the blood. Kidney function is a favourite topic for structured questions on both Paper 1 and Paper 2.

Malengo

  1. Understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leaf
  2. Know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys and skin (organs of excretion)
  3. Understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation
  4. Describe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
  5. Describe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct
  6. Describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman's capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtrate
  7. Understand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct
  8. Understand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule
  9. Describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood
  10. Understand that urine contains water, urea and ions

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Maelezo ya Somo

After a long run you produce dark, concentrated urine. On a cold day when you have been drinking water all morning, your urine is almost colourless. The difference is your kidneys adjusting how much water they retain, balancing what you take in against what you lose. This constant fine-tuning is one example of excretion at work, and it keeps the internal environment stable enough for enzymes and cells to function.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Excretion. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. Where is urea produced? A) Kidneys B) Liver C) Lungs D) Bladder Answer: B
  2. Which process forces small molecules out of the blood in the glomerulus? A) Osmosis B) Active transport C) Ultrafiltration D) Diffusion Answer: C
  3. Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by: A) Diffusion B) Osmosis C) Ultrafiltration D) Active transport Answer: D
  4. When a person is dehydrated, what happens to ADH levels? A) They increase B) They decrease C) They stay the same D) ADH is not involved Answer: A
  5. Which substance should NOT be found in the urine of a healthy person? A) Urea B) Water C) Glucose D) Ions Answer: C

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Pearson Education
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-0-435-18426-5
Maelezo: Endorsed student book covering the full 4BI1 specification.

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