Environmental Management - 0680 CIE

Climate Change

Muhtasari

The same blanket of gases that keeps our planet warm enough for life is now growing thicker, and the Earth is responding. Burning fossil fuels, clearing forests and farming on a vast scale are adding carbon dioxide and methane to the air faster than nature can remove them. The result is the enhanced greenhouse effect: more heat is trapped, the planet warms, and the climate that farmers, cities and ecosystems all depend on begins to shift. This is one of the defining environmental challenges of our time.

In this lesson you will learn what counts as a greenhouse gas and the human activities that are raising their levels, then trace how the enhanced greenhouse effect leads to global warming and climate change. You will study the wide-ranging impacts, from rising seas and ocean acidification to changing crop yields and forced migration, and you will weigh up the strategies, both reducing emissions and adapting to change, that the world is using to respond.

Malengo

  1. 4.2.1 Define a greenhouse gas as a gas that absorbs radiation and emits the energy as thermal (heat) energy.
  2. 4.2.3 Describe the causes of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, limited to: (a) combustion of fossil fuels: releases carbon dioxide (b) agriculture: digestion by cattle, manure decomposition and rice fields release methane (c) deforestation: reduces removal of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis (d) changes in land use: wetland drainage releases methane (e) cement manufacture: calcium carbonate (limestone) is heated to produce calcium oxide (lime) and releases carbon dioxide (f) increasing human population and increased energy usage: releases carbon dioxide.
  3. 4.2.4 Describe and explain the effects from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading to the enhanced greenhouse effect, limited to: (a) greenhouse gases absorb solar radiation causing global warming (b) global warming can result in climate change.
  4. 4.2.5 Describe and explain the impacts of climate change, limited to: (a) increase in temperature of Earth’s surface (b) increase in temperature of ocean surface (knowledge of ENSO, El Niño and La Niña is not required) (c) melting of ice sheets, glaciers and permafrost leading to a rise in sea level (d) ocean acidification due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (e) disruption to food chains (f) change in biodiversity (g) loss of habitat (h) forced migration of humans and other animals (i) increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events leading to flooding and loss of land, drought and wildfires (j) change in crop yields (k) increased pest outbreaks and invasive species (l) food shortages.
  5. 4.2.6 Describe strategies for reducing carbon footprints to limit the impacts of climate change, limited to: (a) reduced use of fossil fuels (b) make more sustainable food choices: plant-based diet, seasonal food, buy locally produced foods (c) reduction in livestock farming (d) reduction in number of children per woman (e) increase in energy efficiency (f) reforestation and afforestation (g) carbon sequestration: capture, remove and store carbon dioxide (h) transport policies (i) international agreements and policies (j) taxation (k) research and climate models (l) use of artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the impacts of climate change and develop strategies to reduce the impacts of climate change.
  6. 4.2.7 Define climate change adaptation as altering behaviour, practices and infrastructure to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
  7. 4.2.8 Describe climate change adaptation strategies, limited to: (a) crops that resist warmer, drier or wetter conditions (b) improve flood defences (c) legislation about building near coasts and on floodplains (d) building design and materials.
  8. 4.2.9 Discuss the benefits and limitations of strategies to manage the impacts of climate change.

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Maelezo ya Somo

Climate change is not a distant problem; it is already reshaping coastlines, harvests and weather around the world. The science behind it is clear and testable, and the choices societies make about energy, food and land use will decide how severe the impacts become. Understanding the causes, the consequences and the responses lets you judge the evidence for yourself and explain, in exam terms, how human activity is altering the atmosphere and what can be done about it.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Climate Change. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. A greenhouse gas is best defined as a gas that: A. Destroys ozone in the stratosphere B. Absorbs radiation and emits the energy as heat C. Reflects sunlight back into space D. Reacts with water to form acid rain Answer: B
  2. Which human activity is the main source of methane? A. Cement manufacture B. Cattle farming and rice fields C. Burning coal in power stations D. Driving petrol cars Answer: B
  3. Which of the following is an impact of climate change? A. A larger ozone hole B. Lower levels of ultraviolet radiation C. Rising sea levels from melting ice D. More argon in the air Answer: C
  4. Which strategy is an example of adaptation rather than mitigation? A. Installing solar panels B. Planting forests C. Building higher flood defences D. Capturing carbon dioxide Answer: C
  5. Carbon sequestration helps limit climate change by: A. Reflecting sunlight away from the Earth B. Capturing and storing carbon dioxide C. Removing CFCs from refrigerators D. Reducing ultraviolet radiation Answer: B

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Coursebook
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Coursebook
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-1-316-63485-1
Maelezo: Endorsed coursebook with full coverage of the 0680 syllabus, case studies, fieldwork skills and exam-style questions.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Workbook
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Workbook
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-1-316-63487-5
Maelezo: Companion workbook with additional data-response and practice questions across the syllabus.

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