Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) - 0654 CIE

Polymers

Muhtasari

Plastics are everywhere, from drink bottles to clothing, and almost all of them are polymers: giant molecules built by joining thousands of small units together. Understanding how these long chains form, from simple alkenes, explains both their usefulness and their environmental challenges.

In this lesson you will learn what a polymer and a monomer are, how many alkene monomers join by addition polymerisation to make a polymer such as poly(ethene), and why the strength of these molecules also makes their waste so hard to dispose of.

Malengo

  1. Define polymers as large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers.
  2. Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation using ethene monomers.
  3. State that plastics are made from polymers.
  4. Describe how the properties of plastics have implications for their disposal.
  5. Describe the environmental challenges caused by plastics, limited to: (a) disposal in landfill sites (b) accumulation in oceans (c) formation of toxic gases from burning.
  6. [Supplement] Identify the repeat units and / or linkages in addition polymers and in condensation polymers.
  7. [Supplement] Deduce the structure or repeat unit of an addition polymer from a given alkene and vice versa.
  8. [Supplement] Deduce the structure or repeat unit of a condensation polymer from given monomers and vice versa, limited to: (a) polyamides from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine (b) polyesters from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol.
  9. [Supplement] Describe the differences between addition and condensation polymerisation.
  10. [Supplement] Describe and draw the structure of: (a) nylon, a polyamide O O O O C C N N C C N N H H H H (b) PET, a polyester O O O O C C O O C C O O The full name for PET, polyethylene terephthalate, is not required.
  11. [Supplement] State that PET can be converted back into monomers and re-polymerised.
  12. [Supplement] Describe and draw the structure of proteins as: H O H O N C N C N C H O.

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Maelezo ya Somo

Polymers are among the most useful materials ever made, cheap, strong and easily shaped. The same properties that make them useful also make their waste a problem, because they do not break down easily. Understanding how polymers form is the first step to using them wisely.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Polymers. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

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Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. A polymer is a large molecule made by joining many: A. Atoms of one element B. Monomers C. Salts D. Acids Answer: B
  2. The monomer used to make poly(ethene) is: A. Ethane B. Ethene C. Ethanol D. Ethanoic acid Answer: B
  3. In addition polymerisation, the monomers join because their: A. -OH groups react B. Double bonds open C. Single bonds break D. Acids neutralise Answer: B
  4. In addition polymerisation, the number of products formed is: A. Only the polymer B. The polymer and water C. The polymer and carbon dioxide D. Two polymers Answer: A
  5. A major environmental problem with addition polymers is that they: A. Dissolve in water B. Do not break down easily C. Evaporate quickly D. React with air Answer: B

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook
Manukuu: Fifth edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2021
ISBN: 978-1-108-95160-9
Maelezo: Endorsed coursebook with full coverage of the 0620/0971 syllabus, worked examples and practical guidance.
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry
Manukuu: Fourth edition
Mchapishaji: Hodder Education
Mwaka: 2021
ISBN: 978-1-398-31050-6
Maelezo: Endorsed textbook covering the Core and Supplement content with questions and practical work.

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