Economics - 4EC1 PearsonEdexcel

Relationships Between Objectives And Policies

Muhtasari

Every government wants low inflation, low unemployment, strong growth, a healthy balance of payments and a protected environment all at once. The trouble is that a single policy lever rarely pulls in only one direction. Raise interest rates to calm inflation, and jobs can be lost. Cut taxes to boost growth, and prices can start climbing. Chase growth hard enough, and the current account or the environment can pay the price.

This lesson pulls together everything you have learned about macroeconomic objectives and the policies used to pursue them, and asks the harder question: what happens when they collide? You will learn to trace a policy through to its side effects on other objectives, a skill examiners reward highly on Paper 2.

Malengo

  1. The impact of policies and the trade-off between macroeconomic objectives: unemployment and inflation, economic growth and inflation, economic growth and environmental protection, inflation and the current account on balance of payments

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Maelezo ya Somo

A government does not choose macroeconomic objectives one at a time. It wants low and stable inflation, low unemployment, sustained economic growth, a sound balance of payments and a protected environment simultaneously. The policies used to reach these goals, fiscal policy, monetary policy and supply-side policy, work by changing spending, borrowing costs or productive capacity across the whole economy. A change that large rarely affects only the objective it was aimed at. This note is about tracing those knock-on effects, not just naming the objectives and policies again.

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  1. Which policy is most likely to raise both economic growth and inflation in the short run? A) Raising interest rates B) Cutting income tax C) Investing in worker training D) Imposing an import tariff Answer: B
  2. A central bank raises interest rates to reduce inflation. What is the most likely effect on unemployment? A) Unemployment falls B) Unemployment rises C) Unemployment is unaffected D) Unemployment becomes negative Answer: B
  3. Higher interest rates used to control inflation typically cause a country's exchange rate to: A) Depreciate B) Appreciate C) Stay exactly fixed D) Become irrelevant to trade Answer: B
  4. An appreciating currency, caused by anti-inflation interest rate rises, is most likely to: A) Improve the current account B) Worsen the current account C) Have no effect on the current account D) Automatically reduce inflation to zero Answer: B
  5. Which type of policy could raise economic growth with the smallest risk of also raising inflation? A) Cutting interest rates B) Cutting income tax C) Investment in education and training D) Increasing government spending on unemployment benefits Answer: C

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Economics Student Book
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Economics Student Book
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Pearson Education
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-0-435-18864-5
Maelezo: Endorsed student book covering the full 4EC1 specification with worked examples and data-response practice.

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