Environmental Management - 0680 CIE

Oil Pollution

Muhtasari

The world still runs on oil, and every day enormous quantities are drilled from beneath the seabed and carried across the oceans in giant tankers. Most of it arrives safely. But when something goes wrong, the results can be catastrophic: a single spill can blacken hundreds of kilometres of coast, kill countless seabirds and fish, and damage ecosystems for years. Oil pollution is one of the most visible and emotive of all environmental disasters.

In this lesson you will learn what causes oil to enter the sea, how a spill spreads and devastates marine and coastal life, and the two sides of the response: preventing spills in the first place through better ships and rules, and minimising the damage when one happens, using booms, skimmers, dispersants and controlled burning. Named disasters such as Deepwater Horizon will make the scale of the problem real.

Malengo

3.5.1 Describe the causes of oil pollution on marine and coastal ecosystems, limited to: (a) off-shore and on-shore oil extraction (b) pipelines (c) shipping (d) cleaning of tanks at sea (e) refineries.
3.5.2 Describe the impacts of oil pollution on marine and coastal ecosystems, limited to the effects on: (a) birds (b) marine mammals (c) fish (d) crustaceans (e) seaweeds (f) coral reefs (g) beaches. Knowledge of specific species is not required.
3.5.3 Describe strategies for oil spill prevention in marine and coastal ecosystems, limited to: (a) MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) (b) double-hulled oil tankers (c) risk assessments (d) regular maintenance.
3.5.4 Describe strategies for minimising the impacts of oil spills on marine and coastal ecosystems, limited to: (a) improved navigation systems for ships (b) booms and sorbents (c) detergent sprays (d) skimmers (e) controlled burning.

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Maelezo ya Somo

Crude oil is thick, dark, sticky and toxic, and the sea is the worst possible place for it to end up. Oil spilled at sea spreads quickly and is extremely hard to clean up, so the damage to marine and coastal ecosystems is far greater than the same spill on land. The exam expects the full structure: the causes of oil pollution, its impacts on living things, and the strategies both to prevent spills and to minimise their effects.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Oil Pollution. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

Which of these is a cause of marine oil pollution? A. eutrophication B. cleaning of ships' tanks at sea C. desalination D. chlorination Answer: B
Crude oil spilled at sea mostly: A. sinks to the seabed B. dissolves instantly C. floats and forms a surface slick D. evaporates completely Answer: C
A double-hulled tanker helps to: A. clean up a spill faster B. prevent oil escaping in a collision C. disperse the oil slick D. burn the oil off Answer: B
Which device is a floating barrier used to contain an oil slick? A. skimmer B. sorbent C. boom D. dispersant Answer: C
Why does an oil slick harm phytoplankton? A. it makes the water too salty B. it blocks the light they need to photosynthesise C. it lowers the temperature D. it adds nutrients Answer: B

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Coursebook

Manukuu: First edition

Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press

Mwaka: 2017

ISBN: 978-1-316-63485-1

Maelezo: Endorsed coursebook with full coverage of the 0680 syllabus, case studies, fieldwork skills and exam-style questions.

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Workbook

Manukuu: First edition

Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press

Mwaka: 2017

ISBN: 978-1-316-63487-5

Maelezo: Companion workbook with additional data-response and practice questions across the syllabus.

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