The Nucleus
Muhtasari
An atom is almost entirely empty space, with nearly all its mass packed into a tiny central nucleus. That surprising picture was forced on physicists by a famous experiment in which a few alpha particles bounced straight back off a thin gold foil, and it is the model we still use today.
In this lesson you will learn the structure of the atom, how ions form, the meaning of proton number and nucleon number, what an isotope is, and how the alpha-scattering experiment supports the nuclear model. You will also meet nuclear fission and fusion, the splitting and joining of nuclei.
Malengo
- Describe the structure of an atom in terms of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons in orbit around the nucleus
- Know how atoms may form positive ions by losing electrons or form negative ions by gaining electrons
- Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons
- State the relative charges of protons, neutrons and electrons as +1, 0 and –1 respectively
- Define the terms proton number (atomic number) Z and nucleon number (mass number) A and be able to calculate the number of neutrons in a nucleus
- Explain what is meant by an isotope and state that an element may have more than one isotope
- [Supplement] Describe how the scattering of alpha (α) particles by a sheet of thin metal supports the nuclear model of the atom, by providing evidence for: (a) a very small nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space (b) a nucleus containing most of the mass of the atom (c) a nucleus that is positively charged
- [Supplement] Describe the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as the splitting or joining of nuclei, to include the nuclide equation and qualitative description of mass and energy changes without values
- [Supplement] Know the relationship between the proton number and the relative charge on a nucleus
- [Supplement] Know the relationship between the nucleon number and the relative mass of a nucleus
Somo la Sauti
Sikiliza somo hili kwenye programu
Kadi za kumbukumbu
Mazoezi ya haraka ya kumbukumbu kuhusu kinachopimwa katika mada hii.
Fanya mazoezi ya kadi hizi kwenye programu
Maelezo ya Somo
Dokezo Kamili la Somo Linapatikana kwenye Programu ya Green Bridge
Pata programu ya Green Bridge CBT kwenye simu au kompyuta yako kwa maktaba kamili ya IGCSE: mitihani ya miaka iliyopita, miongozo ya usahihishaji, ramani za mawazo, kadi za marudio na masomo ya sauti.
Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la The Nucleus. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- The nucleus of an atom contains: A. protons and electrons B. protons and neutrons C. neutrons and electrons D. electrons only Answer: B
- An atom has A = 23 and Z = 11. Its number of neutrons is: A. 11 B. 12 C. 23 D. 34 Answer: B
- Isotopes of an element have the same number of: A. neutrons B. nucleons C. protons D. nothing Answer: C
- In alpha scattering, most alpha particles pass straight through the foil because: A. the atom is mostly empty space B. the nucleus is large C. atoms have no charge D. the foil is thick Answer: A
- An atom becomes a positive ion when it: A. gains electrons B. loses electrons C. gains protons D. loses neutrons Answer: B
Fanyia kazi maswali haya kwenye programu
Fanyia kazi maswali haya kwenye programu
Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa
Jifunze zaidi kutoka vyanzo huria
-
Sehemu ya kitabu
Evolution of Atomic Theory
Outline milestones in the development of modern atomic theory
"Chemistry: Evolution of Atomic Theory" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/2-2-evolution-of-atomic-theory. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
-
Sehemu ya kitabu
Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Write and interpret symbols that depict the atomic number, mass number, and charge of an atom or ion
"Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Symbolism" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
Vimechapishwa na mashirika mengine chini ya leseni huria na vinatajwa kama wanavyoomba. Viungo hufungua tovuti zao.
Fanya Mazoezi ya Maswali ya Majaribio
Ungependa kufanya mazoezi ya maswali ya majaribio kuhusu The Nucleus? Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT ili kupata maswali ya majaribio na tathmini kamili za mazoezi kuhusu mada hii.
Pakua Programu Kwenye Google Playstore
Kila kitu unachohitaji ili kufaulu katika JAMB, WAEC & NECO.
