Biology (9-1) - 0970 CIE

Diseases And Immunity

Muhtasari

Every day your body is exposed to microorganisms that could make you ill, yet most of the time you stay healthy. That is because you are protected on two fronts: physical and chemical barriers that keep pathogens out, and an immune system that destroys those that get in, and remembers them.

In this lesson you will learn what pathogens are, how diseases spread, and how good hygiene and clean water control them. Extended students will learn how antibodies and antigens work, how vaccination gives long-term immunity, and how passive immunity protects a newborn baby.

Malengo

  1. Describe a pathogen as a disease-causing organism
  2. Describe a transmissible disease as a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another
  3. State that a pathogen is transmitted: (a) b y direct contact, including through blood and other body fluids (b) i ndirectly, including from contaminated surfaces, food, animals and air
  4. Describe the body defences, limited to: skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells
  5. Explain the importance of the following in controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details of the stages of sewage treatment are not required)
  6. [Supplement] Describe active immunity as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
  7. [Supplement] State that each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes
  8. [Supplement] Describe antibodies as proteins that bind to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
  9. [Supplement] State that specific antibodies have complementary shapes which fit specific antigens
  10. [Supplement] Explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen or by vaccination
  11. [Supplement] Outline the process of vaccination: (a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are put into the body (b) the antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies (c) memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity
  12. [Supplement] Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases
  13. [Supplement] Explain that passive immunity is a short-term defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual, including across the placenta and in breast milk
  14. [Supplement] Explain the importance of breast-feeding for the development of passive immunity in infants
  15. [Supplement] State that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity

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Maelezo ya Somo

Understanding disease and immunity explains why we wash our hands, treat water, and vaccinate, the public-health measures that have saved more lives than almost anything else. The COVID-19 pandemic showed exactly why this biology matters, and the topic is a rich source of exam questions.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Diseases And Immunity. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. A pathogen is best described as: A. a disease B. a disease-causing organism C. a type of antibody D. a white blood cell Answer: B
  2. Which is a chemical defence of the body against pathogens? A. skin B. nose hairs C. stomach acid D. mucus trapping only Answer: C
  3. [Supplement] Antibodies are produced by: A. red blood cells B. lymphocytes C. platelets D. plasma Answer: B
  4. [Supplement] Long-term immunity after vaccination is due to the production of: A. antigens B. memory cells C. platelets D. plasma Answer: B
  5. [Supplement] Immunity gained from antibodies in breast milk is an example of: A. active immunity B. passive immunity C. natural barriers D. phagocytosis Answer: B

Fanyia kazi maswali haya kwenye programu

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Cambridge IGCSE Biology Coursebook
Cambridge IGCSE Biology Coursebook
Manukuu: Fifth edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2021
ISBN: 978-1-108-74880-2
Maelezo: Endorsed coursebook with full coverage of the 0610/0970 syllabus, practical investigations and exam-style questions.
Cambridge IGCSE Biology
Cambridge IGCSE Biology
Manukuu: Fourth edition
Mchapishaji: Hodder Education
Mwaka: 2021
ISBN: 978-1-5104-7864-0
Maelezo: Endorsed textbook covering the Core and Supplement content with clear biological diagrams and questions.

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