Biology - 4BI1 PearsonEdexcel

Cloning

Muhtasari

In 1996 a single sheep made headlines around the world. Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult body cell, proving that a fully differentiated cell still contains all the genetic information needed to build an entire organism. Cloning - producing genetically identical copies - is not just a laboratory curiosity: it underpins a huge plant propagation industry and opens the door to producing human proteins from animal milk.

This topic covers plant cloning through micropropagation (tissue culture), the stages of adult cell cloning as illustrated by Dolly, and the use of cloned transgenic animals to manufacture valuable human proteins. You will explore the advantages, limitations, and ethical questions surrounding each technique.

Malengo

  1. Describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which explants are grown in vitro
  2. Understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of genetically identical plants with desirable characteristics
  3. Describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep
  4. Understand how cloned transgenic animals can be used to produce human proteins

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Maelezo ya Somo

Gardeners have been cloning plants for centuries - every time you take a cutting from a favourite rose bush and grow it into a new plant, you are producing a genetic clone. Modern tissue culture scales this up dramatically: from a few cells scraped off a parent plant, laboratories can generate thousands of identical plants in weeks. Animal cloning is harder, but Dolly the sheep showed it was possible, and the technique now has practical applications in medicine.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Cloning. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. What is an explant in micropropagation? A) A mature plant grown from seed B) A small piece of plant tissue taken from the parent C) A genetically modified seed D) A root cutting from an adult plant Answer: B
  2. In the cloning of Dolly the sheep, where was the diploid nucleus taken from? A) An egg cell B) A sperm cell C) A body cell of an adult sheep D) An embryonic cell Answer: C
  3. What triggers the enucleated egg cell to start dividing in adult cell cloning? A) Fertilisation by a sperm B) An electric shock C) Addition of hormones D) Exposure to UV light Answer: B
  4. Which of the following is a disadvantage of cloning plants? A) The plants grow too quickly B) All plants are genetically identical so equally vulnerable to disease C) The plants cannot photosynthesise D) Cloned plants cannot reproduce Answer: B
  5. What is pharming? A) Growing crops on fish farms B) Using cloned transgenic animals to produce human proteins in their milk C) Selective breeding of dairy cattle D) Fermenting milk to make yoghurt Answer: B

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Pearson Education
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-0-435-18426-5
Maelezo: Endorsed student book covering the full 4BI1 specification.

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