Covalent Bonding
Muhtasari
Most of the substances you encounter every day, from the water you drink to the plastic in your phone case, are held together by covalent bonds. Unlike ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred, covalent bonding involves atoms sharing pairs of electrons so that each atom achieves a stable outer shell.
In this lesson you will learn how covalent bonds form, practise drawing dot-and-cross diagrams for key molecules, and explore why simple molecular substances have low melting points while giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite are among the hardest materials on Earth. These concepts appear regularly on both Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Malengo
- Know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the sharing of a pair of electrons
- Understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions
- Understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonds in diatomic, inorganic and organic molecules
- Explain why substances with simple molecular structures are gases or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points
- Explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple molecular structures increase with increasing relative molecular mass
- Explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with high melting and boiling points
- Explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene influence their physical properties
- Know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity
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Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Covalent Bonding. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- What is a covalent bond? A) A bond formed by transferring electrons from a metal to a non-metal B) A bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms C) A bond formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions D) A bond formed by delocalised electrons in a metal Answer: B
- How many covalent bonds does a carbon atom typically form? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: D
- Which substance has a giant covalent structure? A) Water B) Carbon dioxide C) Diamond D) Hydrogen chloride Answer: C
- Why do simple molecular substances have low boiling points? A) Their covalent bonds are weak B) Their intermolecular forces are weak C) They contain ions that separate easily D) They have delocalised electrons Answer: B
- Which allotrope of carbon can conduct electricity? A) Diamond B) Graphite C) Both diamond and graphite D) Neither diamond nor graphite Answer: B
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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa
Jifunze zaidi kutoka vyanzo huria
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Sehemu ya kitabu
Lewis Symbols and Structures
Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions
"Chemistry: Lewis Symbols and Structures" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Sehemu ya kitabu
The Solid State of Matter
Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids
"Chemistry: The Solid State of Matter" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/10-5-the-solid-state-of-matter. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
Vimechapishwa na mashirika mengine chini ya leseni huria na vinatajwa kama wanavyoomba. Viungo hufungua tovuti zao.
Fanya Mazoezi ya Maswali ya Majaribio
Ungependa kufanya mazoezi ya maswali ya majaribio kuhusu Covalent Bonding? Pakua programu ya Green Bridge CBT ili kupata maswali ya majaribio na tathmini kamili za mazoezi kuhusu mada hii.
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Kila kitu unachohitaji ili kufaulu katika JAMB, WAEC & NECO.
