Energetics
Muhtasari
Why does a hand warmer get hot? Why does a cold pack feel cold even though no ice is inside? The answers lie in energetics: the study of heat changes during chemical reactions. Some reactions release energy to the surroundings; others absorb it.
In this lesson you will learn to classify reactions as exothermic or endothermic, measure heat changes using calorimetry, draw energy level diagrams, and use bond energies to predict whether a reaction gives out or takes in heat. These calculations and diagrams are tested heavily across both Edexcel papers.
Malengo
- know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as exothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in are described as endothermic
- describe simple calorimetry experiments for reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation
- calculate the heat energy change from a measured temperature change using the expression Q = mcΔT
- calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) from the heat energy change, Q
- draw and explain energy level diagrams to represent exothermic and endothermic reactions
- know that bond-breaking is an endothermic process and that bond-making is an exothermic process
- use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction
- practical: investigate temperature changes accompanying some of the following types of change: - salts dissolving in water - neutralisation reactions - displacement reactions - combustion reactions.
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Tathmini ya Somo
Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Energetics. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- Which of the following is an endothermic process? A) Combustion of methane B) Neutralisation of acid and alkali C) Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate D) Displacement of copper by iron Answer: C
- In an exothermic reaction, the energy level diagram shows: A) Products higher than reactants B) Products lower than reactants C) Products and reactants at the same level D) No activation energy Answer: B
- Bond breaking is always: A) Exothermic B) Endothermic C) Neutral D) Impossible to predict Answer: B
- The specific heat capacity of water is: A) 4.18 J g-1 K-1 B) 4.18 kJ g-1 K-1 C) 41.8 J g-1 K-1 D) 0.418 J g-1 K-1 Answer: A
- What does the activation energy represent on an energy level diagram? A) The total energy released B) The energy of the products C) The minimum energy needed to start the reaction D) The energy stored in the bonds Answer: C
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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa
Jifunze zaidi kutoka vyanzo huria
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Sehemu ya kitabu
Energy Basics
Define energy, distinguish types of energy, and describe the nature of energy changes that accompany chemical and physical changes
"Chemistry: Energy Basics" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/5-1-energy-basics. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Sehemu ya kitabu
Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Describe the energetics of covalent and ionic bond formation and breakage
"Chemistry: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/7-5-strengths-of-ionic-and-covalent-bonds. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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