Biology - 4BI1 PearsonEdexcel

Inheritance

Muhtasari

You share about 99.9% of your DNA with every other human on the planet, yet no two people (apart from identical twins) are genetically the same. The tiny differences in that remaining 0.1% account for everything from eye colour and blood group to your risk of certain diseases. Understanding how traits pass from parent to offspring - and how populations change over time - is one of the most powerful ideas in biology.

This lesson takes you from the structure of DNA through to Darwin's theory of evolution. You will learn how genes code for proteins, how alleles produce variation, how to predict the outcome of genetic crosses using Punnett squares, and why antibiotic resistance is a modern example of natural selection in action.

Malengo

  1. Understand that the genome is the entire DNA of an organism and that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein
  2. Understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located
  3. Describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)
  4. Understand that an RNA molecule is single stranded and contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
  5. Describe the stages of protein synthesis including transcription and translation, including the role of mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, codons and anticodons
  6. Understand how genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics
  7. Understand the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype
  8. Understand the meaning of the term codominance
  9. Understand that most phenotypic features are the result of polygenic inheritance rather than single genes
  10. Describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram
  11. Understand how to interpret family pedigrees
  12. Predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses
  13. Understand how the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male
  14. Describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram
  15. Understand how division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes
  16. Understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction
  17. Understand how division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametes
  18. Understand how random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring
  19. Know that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid number is 23
  20. Understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both
  21. Understand that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited
  22. Understand how a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein
  23. Understand how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype, some have a small effect and rarely do they have a significant effect
  24. Understand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to ionising radiation and some chemical mutagens
  25. Explain Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
  26. Understand how resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations, and appreciate how such an increase can lead to infections being difficult to control

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Maelezo ya Somo

In 2003, scientists completed a thirteen-year effort to sequence every gene in the human genome. The result was a blueprint of roughly 20 000 genes, each one a set of instructions for building a specific protein. From the haemoglobin that carries oxygen in your blood to the collagen that holds your skin together, proteins run the body - and genes are the recipes that make them. This lesson traces the path from DNA to protein to inherited trait, and then zooms out to see how inheritance drives evolution.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Inheritance. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. What is the complementary DNA base pair for cytosine? A) Adenine B) Thymine C) Guanine D) Uracil Answer: C
  2. How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete? A) 46 B) 23 C) 44 D) 92 Answer: B
  3. Which type of cell division produces genetically identical cells? A) Meiosis B) Mitosis C) Binary fission D) Fertilisation Answer: B
  4. Two heterozygous parents (Bb) are crossed. What proportion of offspring are expected to show the recessive phenotype? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% Answer: B
  5. Which of the following can increase the rate of mutation? A) A balanced diet B) Regular exercise C) Exposure to ultraviolet radiation D) Drinking water Answer: C

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Pearson Education
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-0-435-18426-5
Maelezo: Endorsed student book covering the full 4BI1 specification.

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