Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) - 0654 CIE

Alcohols

Muhtasari

Ethanol, the alcohol in fuels and solvents, is one of the most useful organic compounds of all. It belongs to a family marked by a single reactive group, the -OH group, and it can be made in two very different ways: by fermentation of sugar or by adding steam to ethene.

In this lesson you will learn that alcohols are a homologous series with the -OH functional group, how ethanol is produced by fermentation and by the hydration of ethene, and the key reactions of ethanol: combustion and oxidation to a carboxylic acid.

Malengo

  1. Describe the manufacture of ethanol by: (a) fermentation of aqueous glucose at 25- 35 °C in the presence of yeast and in the absence of oxygen (b) catalytic addition of steam to ethene at 300 °C and 6000 kPa / 60 atm in the presence of an acid catalyst.
  2. Describe the combustion of ethanol.
  3. State the uses of ethanol as: (a) a solvent (b) a fuel.
  4. [Supplement] Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by: (a) fermentation (b) catalytic addition of steam to ethene.

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Maelezo ya Somo

Ethanol is a fuel, a solvent and the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks, so its chemistry has wide practical importance. Knowing the two ways it is made, and how it reacts, links organic chemistry to industry, agriculture and everyday products.

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Tathmini ya Somo

Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Alcohols. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.

  1. The functional group of the alcohols is: A. C=C B. -OH C. -COOH D. -Cl Answer: B
  2. In fermentation, glucose is converted by yeast into ethanol and: A. Water B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Hydrogen Answer: C
  3. Ethanol can be made from ethene by: A. Combustion B. Hydration C. Substitution D. Fermentation Answer: B
  4. Complete combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide and: A. Carbon monoxide B. Hydrogen C. Water D. Soot Answer: C
  5. When ethanol is oxidised, it forms: A. Ethene B. Ethane C. Ethanoic acid D. Glucose Answer: C

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook
Manukuu: Fifth edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2021
ISBN: 978-1-108-95160-9
Maelezo: Endorsed coursebook with full coverage of the 0620/0971 syllabus, worked examples and practical guidance.
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry
Manukuu: Fourth edition
Mchapishaji: Hodder Education
Mwaka: 2021
ISBN: 978-1-398-31050-6
Maelezo: Endorsed textbook covering the Core and Supplement content with questions and practical work.

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