Environmental Management - 0680 CIE

Human Population Size

Muhtasari

It took the whole of human history until around 1800 for the world to reach its first billion people. The eighth billion arrived in late 2022, just twelve years after the seventh. Every day the planet gains roughly 200 000 more people than it loses. Understanding why the human population changes so fast, and what that growth does to cities, resources and the environment, is one of the central questions in environmental management.

In this lesson you will learn the four levers that change a population: birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration. You will calculate natural increase, follow a country through the demographic transition, and weigh the push and pull factors that drive people from the countryside into ever-larger cities. Then you will trace the real consequences of rapid growth, from informal settlements and megacities to pressure on water, energy, land and clean air.

Malengo

  1. 7.2.1 Describe and explain the factors that affect changes in human populations, limited to: (a) birth rates: children per woman (b) death rates: life expectancy (c) migration: emigration, immigration and push and pull factors (d) rural and urban migration (e) urbanisation.
  2. 7.2.2 Describe the impacts of human population growth, limited to: (a) informal urban settlements (b) megacities (c) availability of resources (d) energy usage (e) sanitation (f) water supply (g) management of waste (h) availability of land (i) facilities and infrastructure (j) air, land, light, noise, visual and water pollution (k) traffic congestion (l) changes in employment opportunities.

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Maelezo ya Somo

Almost every environmental problem in this course is made harder by more people: more demand for food, water and energy, more waste and pollution, more pressure on land. To manage these pressures you first need to understand what makes a population grow or shrink, and how fast. The same simple arithmetic of births, deaths and migration explains a village losing its young people, a city doubling in a generation, and the whole world heading towards perhaps ten billion people this century.

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Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Human Population Size. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.

Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.

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  1. The rate of natural increase of a population is calculated as: A. Birth rate plus death rate B. Birth rate minus death rate C. Birth rate plus migration D. Death rate minus birth rate Answer: B
  2. A country has a birth rate of 24 per 1000 and a death rate of 9 per 1000. Its rate of natural increase is: A. 1.5% per year B. 2.4% per year C. 0.9% per year D. 3.3% per year Answer: A
  3. The movement of people out of an area is called: A. Immigration B. Emigration C. Urbanisation D. Natural increase Answer: B
  4. Which of the following is a pull factor that attracts people to cities? A. Drought and famine B. Poverty C. Better-paid jobs D. Poor services Answer: C
  5. In which stage of the demographic transition model is the death rate falling rapidly while the birth rate stays high? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 4 D. Stage 5 Answer: B

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Vitabu Vinavyopendekezwa

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Coursebook
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Coursebook
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-1-316-63485-1
Maelezo: Endorsed coursebook with full coverage of the 0680 syllabus, case studies, fieldwork skills and exam-style questions.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Workbook
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Environmental Management Workbook
Manukuu: First edition
Mchapishaji: Cambridge University Press
Mwaka: 2017
ISBN: 978-1-316-63487-5
Maelezo: Companion workbook with additional data-response and practice questions across the syllabus.

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