Inapakia....
|
Bonyeza na Ushikilie kuvuta kuzunguka |
|||
|
Bonyeza Hapa Kufunga |
|||
Swali 1 Ripoti
(a) Name four parts of the reproductive system of each of the following farm animals: (i) bull; (ii) hen.
(b) Give one function of each of the parts named in 3(a).
(c) Describe the process of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig.
(a) Parts of the reproductive system of:
(i) bull
- seminal vesicle
- testis
- spermatic cord
- scrotum
- urethra
- penis
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- cowper's gland
- prostate gland
(ii) Hen
- Ovary/oval/ovum
- shell gland/uterus
- Funnel/ infundibulum/Fallopian tube Vagina Sphincter
- magnum/ampulla
- Vagina
-isthmus
- Sphincter
- Cloaca
(b) Functions of parts named
Bull
Testis: sperm production, secretion of hormones
Scrotum: covers the testis and regulates the temperature of the testis
Urethra: passage for semen /sperm
Penis: copulatory organ, discharge and deposition of semen into reproductive organ of female.
Epididymis: transportation, concentration and storage of semen
Vas deferens: passage for sperm/semen into urethra
Seminal ‘Vesicle: produces a sugar rich fluid (fructose) for energy
Spermatic cord: supplies blood, nutrient and oxygen
Cowper's gland: secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralises acidity caused by the residual drops of urine.
Prostate gland: increases the volume of the ejaculate; helps to nourish the sperm: promotes movement of spermatozoon
Hen
Ovary: Production of ova, secretion of hormones
Funnel: Passage of ova into magnum; fertilisation of ova
Magnum: Secretion of albumen, formation of chalaza
Shell gland/uterus: Formation and deposition of shell, adds water to swell up the egg. Deposits minerals
Vagina: Copulatory organ, temporary storage of egg
Sphincter: Contracts to hold egg in vagina or relaxes to release egg into cloaca
Cloaca: Opening for laying egg
Isthmus: Secretes shell membrane, determines shape or the egg.
(C) Process of digestion of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig
- Tuber is chewed: ground with teeth/ masticated to reduce size.
- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft/moist/ lubricated.
- Amylase from saliva acts to break down starch to maltose.
- Food is rolled in IT the tongue and pushed back and swallowed.
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Parts of the reproductive system of:
(i) bull
- seminal vesicle
- testis
- spermatic cord
- scrotum
- urethra
- penis
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- cowper's gland
- prostate gland
(ii) Hen
- Ovary/oval/ovum
- shell gland/uterus
- Funnel/ infundibulum/Fallopian tube Vagina Sphincter
- magnum/ampulla
- Vagina
-isthmus
- Sphincter
- Cloaca
(b) Functions of parts named
Bull
Testis: sperm production, secretion of hormones
Scrotum: covers the testis and regulates the temperature of the testis
Urethra: passage for semen /sperm
Penis: copulatory organ, discharge and deposition of semen into reproductive organ of female.
Epididymis: transportation, concentration and storage of semen
Vas deferens: passage for sperm/semen into urethra
Seminal ‘Vesicle: produces a sugar rich fluid (fructose) for energy
Spermatic cord: supplies blood, nutrient and oxygen
Cowper's gland: secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralises acidity caused by the residual drops of urine.
Prostate gland: increases the volume of the ejaculate; helps to nourish the sperm: promotes movement of spermatozoon
Hen
Ovary: Production of ova, secretion of hormones
Funnel: Passage of ova into magnum; fertilisation of ova
Magnum: Secretion of albumen, formation of chalaza
Shell gland/uterus: Formation and deposition of shell, adds water to swell up the egg. Deposits minerals
Vagina: Copulatory organ, temporary storage of egg
Sphincter: Contracts to hold egg in vagina or relaxes to release egg into cloaca
Cloaca: Opening for laying egg
Isthmus: Secretes shell membrane, determines shape or the egg.
(C) Process of digestion of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig
- Tuber is chewed: ground with teeth/ masticated to reduce size.
- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft/moist/ lubricated.
- Amylase from saliva acts to break down starch to maltose.
- Food is rolled in IT the tongue and pushed back and swallowed.
Swali 2 Ripoti
(a) (i) Define the term culling as used in livestock production.
(ii) State two reasons why culling is practiced in cattle production.
(b) Mention one major function each of ptyalin, rennin and pepsin during digestion of feed in rabbits.
(a) (i) Definition of culling as used in cattle production;
Culling is the removal of animals from the flock for specific reasons
(ii) Reasons for culling;
(b) Major function of ptyalin, renin and pepsin during digestion of feed in rabbit
Ptyalin: It is an amylase/enzyme which converts/digests starch to maltose/dextrin in the mouth
Renin: It is an enzyme which helps in the coagulation/curdle of milk protein in the stomach
OR
Digestion of casein to casinogen in the stomach
Pepsin: It is an enzyme which converts proteins to peptones and or polypeptides in the stomach
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) (i) Definition of culling as used in cattle production;
Culling is the removal of animals from the flock for specific reasons
(ii) Reasons for culling;
(b) Major function of ptyalin, renin and pepsin during digestion of feed in rabbit
Ptyalin: It is an amylase/enzyme which converts/digests starch to maltose/dextrin in the mouth
Renin: It is an enzyme which helps in the coagulation/curdle of milk protein in the stomach
OR
Digestion of casein to casinogen in the stomach
Pepsin: It is an enzyme which converts proteins to peptones and or polypeptides in the stomach
Swali 3 Ripoti
(a) Name three management systems in farm animal production.
(b) State three ways in which housing is important in the management of farm animals.
(c) Mention four advantages associated with each of the following systems of keeping animals: (i) deep litter (i i) battery cage
(d) State three features of a suitable housing unit for rearing each of the following animals: (a) snails (ii) grasscutter
(a) Management systems in farm animal production: (i) Extensive system (ii) Intensive system (iii) Semi-intensive system
(b) Importance of housing for farm animals: (i) Protection from unfavourable weather conditions (ii) Confinement of animals is to ease management/feeding/water sup-ply/sanitation/vaccination (iii) It gives comfort to animals for optimal production (iv) Protection from vermin, e.g snakes, rats/predators/wild animals (v) Limit spread of contagious diseases/ensures biosecurity (vi) Protection from theft (vii) Facilitates record keeping.
(c) (i) Advantages of deep litter system: (i) Used litter materials can be used as organic manure,
(ii) Suitable for fertile egg production/breeding purposes (iii) Droppings as absorbed and easier to remove
(iv) wood shaving act as insulator and so controls floor temperature (v) Birds are protected from bad weather (vi) There is room for birds to exercise (vii) Less capital intensive.
(ii) Advantages of battery cage system: (i) Birds do not have direct contact with droppings thereby avoiding infections
(ii) Egg pecking is reduced (iii) Egg collection is less stressful (iv) Birds conserve energy (v) Better feed utilization (vi) Record keeping is easy (vii) Labour use is minimal (viii) Clean eggs are obtained (ix) It eliminates cannibalism/feather pecking
(x) It reduces spread of contagious diseases (xi) Easy identification of sick birds (xii) Less space/land is required
(d) Features of a suitable housing unit: (i) Snails: (i) High humidity (ii) Adequate shade (iii) Suitable temperature
(iv) Soil should be sandy/loam/moist environment/leaf litter (v) Letted cages/pit (vi) Spacious enclosures (vii) Separate apartments for differents ages and breed
(viii) Must be fortified to prevent escape
(ii) Grass cutters: (i) Fortified hutches/cages/metal/concrete (ii) Fair illumination for rearing (iii) Adequate ventilation (iv) High wall
(v) Spacious enclosures (vi) Shaded compartments (vii) Easy to clean floors.
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Management systems in farm animal production: (i) Extensive system (ii) Intensive system (iii) Semi-intensive system
(b) Importance of housing for farm animals: (i) Protection from unfavourable weather conditions (ii) Confinement of animals is to ease management/feeding/water sup-ply/sanitation/vaccination (iii) It gives comfort to animals for optimal production (iv) Protection from vermin, e.g snakes, rats/predators/wild animals (v) Limit spread of contagious diseases/ensures biosecurity (vi) Protection from theft (vii) Facilitates record keeping.
(c) (i) Advantages of deep litter system: (i) Used litter materials can be used as organic manure,
(ii) Suitable for fertile egg production/breeding purposes (iii) Droppings as absorbed and easier to remove
(iv) wood shaving act as insulator and so controls floor temperature (v) Birds are protected from bad weather (vi) There is room for birds to exercise (vii) Less capital intensive.
(ii) Advantages of battery cage system: (i) Birds do not have direct contact with droppings thereby avoiding infections
(ii) Egg pecking is reduced (iii) Egg collection is less stressful (iv) Birds conserve energy (v) Better feed utilization (vi) Record keeping is easy (vii) Labour use is minimal (viii) Clean eggs are obtained (ix) It eliminates cannibalism/feather pecking
(x) It reduces spread of contagious diseases (xi) Easy identification of sick birds (xii) Less space/land is required
(d) Features of a suitable housing unit: (i) Snails: (i) High humidity (ii) Adequate shade (iii) Suitable temperature
(iv) Soil should be sandy/loam/moist environment/leaf litter (v) Letted cages/pit (vi) Spacious enclosures (vii) Separate apartments for differents ages and breed
(viii) Must be fortified to prevent escape
(ii) Grass cutters: (i) Fortified hutches/cages/metal/concrete (ii) Fair illumination for rearing (iii) Adequate ventilation (iv) High wall
(v) Spacious enclosures (vi) Shaded compartments (vii) Easy to clean floors.
Swali 4 Ripoti
a) Define the term artificial pasture as used in animal production.
b) State six advantages of grass-legume mixtures in a pasture.
c) (i) Mention three management systems used in keeping small ruminants.
(ii) State three characteristics of each of the management systems mentioned in (c)(i).
(a) Definition of artificial pasture;
This is an area of land covered with forage crops and established by man for feeding livestock/ruminants.
(b) Advantages of grass-legume mixture in pastures;
(c)(i) Management systems for keeping small ruminants;
(ii) Characteristics of Management systems;
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Definition of artificial pasture;
This is an area of land covered with forage crops and established by man for feeding livestock/ruminants.
(b) Advantages of grass-legume mixture in pastures;
(c)(i) Management systems for keeping small ruminants;
(ii) Characteristics of Management systems;
Swali 5 Ripoti
(a) State five differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken.
(b) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal production:
(I) rumination;
(ii) coprophagy.
(c) Give one reason for carrying out each of the following practices in livestock production:
(i) creep feeding; (ii) steaming-up; (iii) flushing.
(d)(i) State four ways in which rangelands are important. (ii) List four practices that could be carried out to improve pastures.
(a) Differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken
| Goat | Chicken |
| has lips | has beak |
| has teeth for grinding | has gizzard for grinding |
| has complex stomach | has simple stomach |
| presence of rumen | presence of crop |
| bacterial digestion takes place in the rumen | bacterial digestion takes place in the caecum |
| complex stomach faciilitate regurgitation | simple stomach facilitate direct digestion |
(b) Explanation of terms used in animal production
(i) Rumination
- Process by which ruminants regurgitate through anti peristaltic movement of fibrous feed, re-chew and reswallow the food into the reticulum.
- The process of chewing of cud
- It reduces the particle size of digesta for microbial action.
- It takes place when animal is resting.
(ii) Coprophagy
- process by which some animals like rabbit
reingest their faeces
- It helps the animal recover microbial protein and minerals lost from the caecum.
(c) Reason for carrying out the following practices
(i) Creep feeding
- to supplement the milk of young livestock
to introduce young livestock to solid feed
weaning
- to facilitate early weaning
(ii) Steaming up
- For development of udder and milk synthesis
- It gives pregnant animals strength for parturition.
- It gives the foetus the right birth weight/condition.
- It enhances the fetal immunity reduction of
foetal/offspring mortality.
- It promotes maximum milk production.
(iii) Flushing
- To increase the chance of conception/ ovulation
- To increase the incidence or multiple birth
(d) (i) Importance of rangelands
- Ensure all season feeding of livestock
- Provide material [Or forage preservation/hay/silage
- Serve as areas for livestock to exercise their
body
- Help to reduce soil erosion
- They facilitate pasture mating
- Reduce cost of for grazing animals
- Provide soilage for feeding livestock
- Serve as forage bank for establishment of pasture
- Provision of gras% and legume
(ii) Practices that improve pasture
- Reseeding/ replanting
- Controlled burning
- Fencing/ paddocking/controlled grazing
- Use of Manure / Fertiliser
- Weed control
- Irrigation
- Disease control
- Correct stocking rate
- Pest control
- Ploughing/pulverisation
- Planting of resistance varieties of forage
- Erosion control
- Planting of grass- legume mixture
- Liming
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken
| Goat | Chicken |
| has lips | has beak |
| has teeth for grinding | has gizzard for grinding |
| has complex stomach | has simple stomach |
| presence of rumen | presence of crop |
| bacterial digestion takes place in the rumen | bacterial digestion takes place in the caecum |
| complex stomach faciilitate regurgitation | simple stomach facilitate direct digestion |
(b) Explanation of terms used in animal production
(i) Rumination
- Process by which ruminants regurgitate through anti peristaltic movement of fibrous feed, re-chew and reswallow the food into the reticulum.
- The process of chewing of cud
- It reduces the particle size of digesta for microbial action.
- It takes place when animal is resting.
(ii) Coprophagy
- process by which some animals like rabbit
reingest their faeces
- It helps the animal recover microbial protein and minerals lost from the caecum.
(c) Reason for carrying out the following practices
(i) Creep feeding
- to supplement the milk of young livestock
to introduce young livestock to solid feed
weaning
- to facilitate early weaning
(ii) Steaming up
- For development of udder and milk synthesis
- It gives pregnant animals strength for parturition.
- It gives the foetus the right birth weight/condition.
- It enhances the fetal immunity reduction of
foetal/offspring mortality.
- It promotes maximum milk production.
(iii) Flushing
- To increase the chance of conception/ ovulation
- To increase the incidence or multiple birth
(d) (i) Importance of rangelands
- Ensure all season feeding of livestock
- Provide material [Or forage preservation/hay/silage
- Serve as areas for livestock to exercise their
body
- Help to reduce soil erosion
- They facilitate pasture mating
- Reduce cost of for grazing animals
- Provide soilage for feeding livestock
- Serve as forage bank for establishment of pasture
- Provision of gras% and legume
(ii) Practices that improve pasture
- Reseeding/ replanting
- Controlled burning
- Fencing/ paddocking/controlled grazing
- Use of Manure / Fertiliser
- Weed control
- Irrigation
- Disease control
- Correct stocking rate
- Pest control
- Ploughing/pulverisation
- Planting of resistance varieties of forage
- Erosion control
- Planting of grass- legume mixture
- Liming
Swali 6 Ripoti
(a) State six causes of low egg production in chicken
(b) Name three parts of the digestive system of pigs.
(c) Enumerate six ways ways in which cattle production is important in West Africa.
(d) State five uses of poultry eggs.
(a) Causes of low egg production in chicken:
(i) Age of birds/moulting (ii) Incidence of diseases (iii) Pest infestation
(iv) Unfavourable weather/photoperiodism (v) Poor housing/ ventilation
(vi) Poor feeding/malnutrition/ tinder nutrition/inadequate feeding (vii) Types of breed (viii) Broodiness (ix) Poor/inadequate water supply/in-take
(x) Poor illumination
(xi) Incidence of predators (xii) Poor sanitation/hygiene (xiii) Noise pollution.
(b) Parts of the digestive system of pigs: (i) Mouth/ teeth/tongue/salivary gland (ii) Gullet/oesophagus/throat/ gut/ food pipe (iii) Stomach (iv) Liver (v) Pancreas (vi) Gall bladder/bile duct
(vii) Small intestine/duodenum/Jejunum/ileum (vii) Large intestines/caecum/colon/rectum (viii)Anus
(c) Importance of cattle production! (i) Source of meat/protein (ii) Source of milk (iii) used on farms for traction/work power
(iv) Source of employment (v) Source of income/investment (vi) For social and cultural purposes
(vii) Skin for producing leather/raw materials for industry (viii) Source of organic manure
(ix) Transportation/beast of burden (x) Source of animal feed (blood meal, bone meal
(xi)Source of foreign exchange (xii) Education/research (xiii) Exhibition/livestock shows
(xiv) Aesthetic/decoration materials, e.g horn, hoof, teeth, tail.
(d) Uses of poultry eggs: (i) Eaten as food by humans/source of protein in human diets (ii) Sources of income to farmers
(iii) Raw material for industries/ confectioneries/preservatives/vaccine/medical products
(iv) Could be a source of foreign exchange
(v) Used for research/education (vii) For cultural/religious/purposes of feed/protein or minerals for (viii) animals (ix) Exhibition/egg show.
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Causes of low egg production in chicken:
(i) Age of birds/moulting (ii) Incidence of diseases (iii) Pest infestation
(iv) Unfavourable weather/photoperiodism (v) Poor housing/ ventilation
(vi) Poor feeding/malnutrition/ tinder nutrition/inadequate feeding (vii) Types of breed (viii) Broodiness (ix) Poor/inadequate water supply/in-take
(x) Poor illumination
(xi) Incidence of predators (xii) Poor sanitation/hygiene (xiii) Noise pollution.
(b) Parts of the digestive system of pigs: (i) Mouth/ teeth/tongue/salivary gland (ii) Gullet/oesophagus/throat/ gut/ food pipe (iii) Stomach (iv) Liver (v) Pancreas (vi) Gall bladder/bile duct
(vii) Small intestine/duodenum/Jejunum/ileum (vii) Large intestines/caecum/colon/rectum (viii)Anus
(c) Importance of cattle production! (i) Source of meat/protein (ii) Source of milk (iii) used on farms for traction/work power
(iv) Source of employment (v) Source of income/investment (vi) For social and cultural purposes
(vii) Skin for producing leather/raw materials for industry (viii) Source of organic manure
(ix) Transportation/beast of burden (x) Source of animal feed (blood meal, bone meal
(xi)Source of foreign exchange (xii) Education/research (xiii) Exhibition/livestock shows
(xiv) Aesthetic/decoration materials, e.g horn, hoof, teeth, tail.
(d) Uses of poultry eggs: (i) Eaten as food by humans/source of protein in human diets (ii) Sources of income to farmers
(iii) Raw material for industries/ confectioneries/preservatives/vaccine/medical products
(iv) Could be a source of foreign exchange
(v) Used for research/education (vii) For cultural/religious/purposes of feed/protein or minerals for (viii) animals (ix) Exhibition/egg show.
Je, ungependa kuendelea na hatua hii?