Inapakia....
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Bonyeza na Ushikilie kuvuta kuzunguka |
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Bonyeza Hapa Kufunga |
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Swali 1 Ripoti
Study specimens F, H and K and answer questions 2(a) to 2(d).
(a) State four functions of specimen H to the plant from which it was obtained.
b(i) State one function each of specimen F and K to the plants from which they were obtained.
F:
K:
(ii) Give one reason for the answers in 2b(i)
F:
K:
(iii) What part of the plant is modified for the function stated in 2b(i)?
F:
K:
c(i) State four observable differences between specimens F and K.
| F | K |
(ii) State one similarity between specimens F and K.
(d) Make a drawing; 6 cm to 8 cm long of the specimen H and label fully.
Specimen F - Ginger rhizome
Specimen H - Leaf of Boplytum
Specimen K - Cassava tuber
(a) Functions of specimen H to the plant from which it was obtained.
- site for photosynthesis
- for exchange of gases
- for transpiration
- asexual reproduction
- water storage
b(i) one function each of specimen F and K to the plants from which they were obtained.
F: stores food, helps the plant reproduce and survive unfavorable seasons.
K: storage of food
(ii) one reason each for the answers in 2b(i)
F: presence of buds / rhizome located underground
K: presence of swollen root
(iii) Part of the plant modified for the function stated in 2b(i)?
F: stem
K: root
c(i)Four observable differences between specimens F and K.
| F(Ginger rhizome) | K(Cassava) |
| presence of buds | absence of buds |
| presence of nodes and internodes | Absence of nodes and internodes |
| presence of adventitious roots | presence of lateral roots |
| smaller in size | Bigger in size |
(ii) Similarity between specimens F and K.
- both are modified underground stems.
- both storage organs.
- both swollen
- both are carbohydrates
(d) Labelled diagram of Specimen H (see diagram above)
Maelezo ya Majibu
Specimen F - Ginger rhizome
Specimen H - Leaf of Boplytum
Specimen K - Cassava tuber
(a) Functions of specimen H to the plant from which it was obtained.
- site for photosynthesis
- for exchange of gases
- for transpiration
- asexual reproduction
- water storage
b(i) one function each of specimen F and K to the plants from which they were obtained.
F: stores food, helps the plant reproduce and survive unfavorable seasons.
K: storage of food
(ii) one reason each for the answers in 2b(i)
F: presence of buds / rhizome located underground
K: presence of swollen root
(iii) Part of the plant modified for the function stated in 2b(i)?
F: stem
K: root
c(i)Four observable differences between specimens F and K.
| F(Ginger rhizome) | K(Cassava) |
| presence of buds | absence of buds |
| presence of nodes and internodes | Absence of nodes and internodes |
| presence of adventitious roots | presence of lateral roots |
| smaller in size | Bigger in size |
(ii) Similarity between specimens F and K.
- both are modified underground stems.
- both storage organs.
- both swollen
- both are carbohydrates
(d) Labelled diagram of Specimen H (see diagram above)
Swali 2 Ripoti
SECTION A
Study specimens B, D and E and answer questions 1(a) to 1(f).
(a) Name the phylum and class of the organism that possesses specimen D.
Phylum:
Class:
(b) State three observable features of Specimen B.
c(i) Give three functions of specimen B to the organism from which it was obtained
(ii) State one function each of specimens D and E to the organism from which they were obtained.
D:
E:
(iii) Mention one adaptation each of specimens D and E to the function stated in 1c(ii)
D:
E:
d(i) Use the office pin provided to prick the dark green structure attached to specimen B. Touch the fluid oozing from the structure with each of the red and blue litmus
papers at intervals. Record the observations and inferences on the table below:
| Test | Observation | Inferences |
| Red litmus paper + fluid | ||
| Blue litmus paper + fluid |
(ii) Give three functions of the fluid tested in 1d(i) to the organism that possesses it.
e(i) Name the biological system in the body of vertebrates that specimens D and E belongs to.
(ii) Which of specimens B, D or E is absent in humans?
f(i) Name the mode of feeding of the organism that possesses specimen E.
(ii) Name one type of food that the organism that possesses specimen D consumes.
Specimen B - whole liver from a domestic fowl
Specimen D - gizzard
Specimen E - Intestine
(a) Phylum: Chordata / Vertebrata
Class: Aves
(b) Observable features of specimen B
- reddish/dark red colour
- has a greenish sac attached to it (presence of gall bladder)
- cone shaped
- soft and spongy to touch
c(i) Functions of specimen B to the organism from which it was obtained
- regulation of blood sugar level
- deamination of proteins/excretion of nitrogenous waste
- formation of fibrinogen
- produce heat for maintaining constant body temperature
- stores Vitamin A, B, D and E.
(ii) one function each of specimens D and E to the organism from which they were obtained.
Specimen D - help domestic fowl break down food into smaller, more digestible pieces.
Specimen E - digest food and absorb nutrients from it.
(iii) one adaptation each of specimens D and E to the function stated in 1c(ii)
D: a thick muscular wall, a hardened cuticle, and sometimes small stones called gastroliths.
E: have a short, efficient digestive system that's adapted for fast digestion.
(d)(i)
| Test | Observation | Inferences |
| Red litmus paper + fluid | fluid turns litmus paper blue | Basic or alkaline |
| Blue litmus paper + fluid | Blue litmus paper remains unchanged | Not acidic but basic or alkaline |
(ii) Functions of Bile
- breaks down fat globules into smaller pieces so they can be digested
- helps the body absorb fat, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins
- neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach
- carries bilirubin, a waste product from red blood cells, out of the body in faeces
- carries excess cholesterol out of the body
- has antibacterial properties that help fight microorganisms in food.
e(i) The biological system in the body of vertebrates that specimens D and E belongs to is the Digestive system.
(ii) Specimen D (gizzard) is absent in human
f(i) The mode of feeding of the organism that possesses specimen E(intestine) is heterotrophic/ holozoic mode of nutrition.
(ii) The type of food that the organism that possesses specimen D consumes.
- grains
- seeds
- crops
- insects
Maelezo ya Majibu
Specimen B - whole liver from a domestic fowl
Specimen D - gizzard
Specimen E - Intestine
(a) Phylum: Chordata / Vertebrata
Class: Aves
(b) Observable features of specimen B
- reddish/dark red colour
- has a greenish sac attached to it (presence of gall bladder)
- cone shaped
- soft and spongy to touch
c(i) Functions of specimen B to the organism from which it was obtained
- regulation of blood sugar level
- deamination of proteins/excretion of nitrogenous waste
- formation of fibrinogen
- produce heat for maintaining constant body temperature
- stores Vitamin A, B, D and E.
(ii) one function each of specimens D and E to the organism from which they were obtained.
Specimen D - help domestic fowl break down food into smaller, more digestible pieces.
Specimen E - digest food and absorb nutrients from it.
(iii) one adaptation each of specimens D and E to the function stated in 1c(ii)
D: a thick muscular wall, a hardened cuticle, and sometimes small stones called gastroliths.
E: have a short, efficient digestive system that's adapted for fast digestion.
(d)(i)
| Test | Observation | Inferences |
| Red litmus paper + fluid | fluid turns litmus paper blue | Basic or alkaline |
| Blue litmus paper + fluid | Blue litmus paper remains unchanged | Not acidic but basic or alkaline |
(ii) Functions of Bile
- breaks down fat globules into smaller pieces so they can be digested
- helps the body absorb fat, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins
- neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach
- carries bilirubin, a waste product from red blood cells, out of the body in faeces
- carries excess cholesterol out of the body
- has antibacterial properties that help fight microorganisms in food.
e(i) The biological system in the body of vertebrates that specimens D and E belongs to is the Digestive system.
(ii) Specimen D (gizzard) is absent in human
f(i) The mode of feeding of the organism that possesses specimen E(intestine) is heterotrophic/ holozoic mode of nutrition.
(ii) The type of food that the organism that possesses specimen D consumes.
- grains
- seeds
- crops
- insects
Swali 3 Ripoti
SECTION B
Answer all the questions in this section
Study specimens L, M, P, and Q and answer questions 3(a) to 3(d).
(a) Name the region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L:
Q:
b(i) State four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L | Q |
(ii) State four observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
c(i) Name two bones each that articulate with specimens M and P.
(ii) Name one vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ................................. ....................................
Q: ................................ .....................................
(d) Complete the table below by using tick (✔) to indicate presence and cross (X) to indicate absence of the following features in each of specimens L, M, P and Q.
| Specimen | Features | |||
| Neural canal | Rounded head | Neural spine | Long shaft | |
| L | ||||
| M | X | |||
| P | ||||
| Q | ✔ | |||
Specimen L - Thoracic vertebra
Specimen M - Humerus bone
Specimen P - Femur bone
Specimen Q - Lumbar Vertebra
(a) Region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L: chest or thorax region
Q: abdominal region or between thoracic and sacral vertebrae
b(i)Four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L(Thoracic vertebra) | Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
| presence of small centrum | presence of large centrum |
| Neural spine is long | Neural spine is short |
| Transverse process is long | Transverse process is short |
| Absence of anapophysis | Anapophysis is present |
| Demifacets are present | Demifacets are absent |
(ii) Observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have facet joints that articulate with adjacent vertebrae.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a body.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a spinous process that extends backward.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have transverse processes that extend laterally.
- Both of them possess neural arch.
c(i) Bones each that articulate with specimens M(humerus bone) and P(femur bone)
M: scapula, ulna, cervical
P: pelvic girdle, tibia
(ii) One vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ...cervical vertebra.. ...Lumbar vertebra...
Q: ....thoracic vertebra.. ....sacral vertebra....
(d)
| Specimen | Features | |||
| Neural canal | Rounded head | Neural spine | Long shaft | |
| L(thoracic) | ✔ | X | ✔ | |
| M(humerus bone) | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
| P(femur bone) | ✔ | X | ✔ |
|
| Q(Lumbar vertebra) | ✔ | X | ✔ | |
Maelezo ya Majibu
Specimen L - Thoracic vertebra
Specimen M - Humerus bone
Specimen P - Femur bone
Specimen Q - Lumbar Vertebra
(a) Region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L: chest or thorax region
Q: abdominal region or between thoracic and sacral vertebrae
b(i)Four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L(Thoracic vertebra) | Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
| presence of small centrum | presence of large centrum |
| Neural spine is long | Neural spine is short |
| Transverse process is long | Transverse process is short |
| Absence of anapophysis | Anapophysis is present |
| Demifacets are present | Demifacets are absent |
(ii) Observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have facet joints that articulate with adjacent vertebrae.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a body.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a spinous process that extends backward.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have transverse processes that extend laterally.
- Both of them possess neural arch.
c(i) Bones each that articulate with specimens M(humerus bone) and P(femur bone)
M: scapula, ulna, cervical
P: pelvic girdle, tibia
(ii) One vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ...cervical vertebra.. ...Lumbar vertebra...
Q: ....thoracic vertebra.. ....sacral vertebra....
(d)
| Specimen | Features | |||
| Neural canal | Rounded head | Neural spine | Long shaft | |
| L(thoracic) | ✔ | X | ✔ | |
| M(humerus bone) | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
| P(femur bone) | ✔ | X | ✔ |
|
| Q(Lumbar vertebra) | ✔ | X | ✔ | |
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