WAEC SSCE - Animal Husbandry - 2016
Swali 1 Ripoti
Which of the following statements about ovulation in rabbits is correct?
Maelezo ya Majibu
Swali 2 Ripoti
Which of the following farm animals is a monogastric?
Maelezo ya Majibu
Out of the given options, the monogastric farm animal is a "boar". Monogastric animals have a simple, single-chambered stomach which is unable to break down fibrous feeds effectively. Boars belong to the monogastric category, which means they have a simple stomach with one compartment. Other examples of monogastric animals are humans, dogs, and cats.
Swali 3 Ripoti
The true stomach of ruminants is called
Maelezo ya Majibu
The true stomach of ruminants is called abomasum. The stomach of a ruminant consists of four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The abomasum is also known as the "true stomach" because it is the compartment that is most similar to the stomach of non-ruminant animals, such as humans. It is the fourth and final chamber of the stomach and is responsible for digesting food with the help of enzymes and acids. It is also the site where proteins are broken down into amino acids, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Swali 4 Ripoti
Which of the following factors affects the productivity of pasture? I Soil fertility II. Climate III. Weeds
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Swali 5 Ripoti
In poultry, nutrients are absorded mainly in the
Maelezo ya Majibu
In poultry, nutrients are mainly absorbed in the small intestine. This is the part of the digestive system where the majority of nutrient breakdown and absorption occurs. The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients. These villi contain blood vessels and lacteals, which absorb nutrients and transport them to the rest of the body. Therefore, it can be said that the small intestine plays a vital role in nutrient absorption in poultry.
Swali 6 Ripoti
A part of a tapeworm is illustrated below. Use it to answer questions 24 to 26.
The part of the tapeworm illustrated is
Maelezo ya Majibu
The part of the tapeworm illustrated is the scolex. The scolex is the head of the tapeworm which contains the suckers and hooks that the parasite uses to attach itself to the lining of the host's intestine. It is the first part of the tapeworm that enters the host's body and anchors the parasite in place so that it can begin to grow and produce eggs.
Swali 7 Ripoti
Which of the labelled parts produces hormones?
Maelezo ya Majibu
Labelled part II produces hormones. Part II is the endocrine gland, which is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and development. Hormones produced by the endocrine gland are released directly into the bloodstream to be transported to their target organs. Therefore, part II is responsible for the endocrine system's functioning, making it the correct answer.
Swali 8 Ripoti
Pastures could be improved through
Maelezo ya Majibu
Pastures could be improved through fertilizer application and irrigation. Fertilizer application involves the addition of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, to the soil to enhance the growth of plants. This improves pasture quality by promoting the growth of more nutritious forage. Irrigation, on the other hand, involves the application of water to the pasture to ensure that the plants have enough moisture for growth. This ensures that the plants have good quality and quantity of forage for animals to graze on. Properly fertilized and irrigated pastures help to improve livestock productivity, health, and overall farm profitability.
Swali 9 Ripoti
The figure below represents the female genitals system of a farm animal. Use it to answer question 12 to 14
The part labelled III is called
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Swali 10 Ripoti
The endoparasite that creates sores in the liver and lungs of farm animals as it bores through them is
Maelezo ya Majibu
The endoparasite that creates sores in the liver and lungs of farm animals as it bores through them is a roundworm. Roundworms are a type of internal parasite that infects farm animals such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. When these parasites infect the liver and lungs, they can cause damage and create sores as they burrow through the tissue. This can lead to reduced productivity and even death in severe cases if left untreated.
Swali 11 Ripoti
Fertilization occurs in the part labelled
Maelezo ya Majibu
Fertilization in plants occurs when the sperm cell from the pollen grain fuses with the egg cell in the ovule. In the flower structure, the ovule is located in the ovary, which is part of the pistil or female reproductive organ of the flower. Therefore, the part labelled II, which represents the pistil or carpel, is where fertilization occurs in plants.
Swali 12 Ripoti
In farm animals, hormones are released into the
Maelezo ya Majibu
In farm animals, hormones are released into the blood stream. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by glands and released into the blood stream. Once in the blood, they travel to different parts of the body and interact with specific receptors to produce specific physiological responses. In farm animals, hormones are responsible for regulating a wide range of functions, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, and stress response. By releasing hormones into the blood stream, the animal is able to coordinate and regulate these different physiological processes to maintain homeostasis and respond to changing environmental conditions.
Swali 13 Ripoti
A castrated male sheep is called a
Maelezo ya Majibu
A castrated male sheep is called a "wether". Castration involves the removal of the testes of male animals, making them sterile and less aggressive. Wethers are commonly raised for their meat, and are often preferred over intact males due to their docile behavior and lack of gamy odor in the meat.
Swali 14 Ripoti
In animal production, disease causing organisms are generally called.
Maelezo ya Majibu
In animal production, disease-causing organisms are generally called pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that can cause diseases in animals. These organisms can infect different parts of the animal's body, including the respiratory system, digestive system, and reproductive system. Pathogens can also be transmitted from one animal to another through direct contact, contaminated feed or water, and through the air. Preventing and controlling the spread of pathogens is essential in animal production to ensure the health and productivity of the animals.
Swali 15 Ripoti
Which of the following structures is part of the intestine of rabbits.
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Swali 16 Ripoti
Which of the following managment systems of poultry production is least expensive?
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Swali 17 Ripoti
The fundamental principles underlying animal breeding is based on
Maelezo ya Majibu
Animal breeding is a process of selecting certain animals and allowing them to reproduce in order to produce offspring with desirable traits. The fundamental principles underlying animal breeding are based on genetics. In other words, traits that are inherited from the parents can be selected for and amplified in future generations. By carefully selecting animals with desirable traits and allowing them to mate, breeders can create a population of animals with the desired characteristics. This process can be guided by understanding of genetics, such as how certain traits are inherited and how to predict the likelihood of specific traits being expressed in offspring. Management and physiology are also important factors in animal breeding, but they are ultimately based on the genetic principles.
Swali 18 Ripoti
Forages harvested before flowering and conserved are characterized by
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Swali 20 Ripoti
A boiler consumed 6.0kg of feed and gained 2.0kg weight in six weeks. Determie the feed: gain ratio
Maelezo ya Majibu
The feed to gain ratio is the amount of feed consumed by an animal to gain a unit of weight. To determine the feed to gain ratio in this case, we divide the amount of feed consumed by the weight gained by the broiler. Feed to gain ratio = Feed consumed / Weight gained Substituting the values given in the question, we have: Feed to gain ratio = 6.0 kg / 2.0 kg = 3:1 Therefore, the feed to gain ratio for the broiler is 3:1. This means that the broiler consumed 3 kg of feed to gain 1 kg of weight.
Swali 21 Ripoti
Use the diagram below to answer questions 36 and 37
Which of the labelled part is used to determine a good layer?
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Swali 22 Ripoti
Farm animals producing milk, egg and wool would require
Maelezo ya Majibu
Farm animals that produce milk, eggs, and wool require a production ration. This type of ration is specifically designed to meet the nutrient requirements of the animal for the purpose of producing milk, eggs, or wool. It contains a balanced combination of energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins that are needed for the production of these animal products. This type of ration is different from a maintenance ration, which is designed to meet the nutrient requirements of the animal for maintenance of its body weight and normal body functions.
Swali 23 Ripoti
One of the main reasons for providing light for broilers during production is to
Maelezo ya Majibu
The main reason for providing light for broilers during production is to increase feed intake. Broilers are fed on a specific diet to grow quickly and reach market weight within a certain time frame. Providing light stimulates the broilers to eat more, leading to increased growth rate and weight gain. This is because light affects the broiler's feeding behavior and appetite, and encourages them to eat more frequently and for longer periods of time.
Swali 24 Ripoti
If the oestrus cycle of a goat is 27 days, how many times will it come on heat in a year?
Maelezo ya Majibu
If the oestrus cycle of a goat is 27 days, it means that the goat will come on heat approximately every 27 days. To calculate how many times it will come on heat in a year, we need to know the number of days in a year. There are 365 days in a year. Therefore, to calculate how many times the goat will come on heat in a year, we divide the number of days in a year (365) by the length of the oestrus cycle (27): 365 / 27 = 13.52 This means that the goat will come on heat approximately 13 times in a year. We round up to the nearest whole number, which is 14. Therefore, the correct answer is: 14 times.
Swali 25 Ripoti
Which of the following birds is purposely raised for meat?
Maelezo ya Majibu
Broilers are purposely raised for meat. They are a type of chicken breed that is specifically bred and raised for their meat production. Broilers have a rapid growth rate and can reach market weight within a few weeks, making them a popular choice for commercial meat production. In contrast, layers are raised for egg production, while cockerels and pullets are young male and female chickens, respectively, that are not typically raised for meat.
Swali 26 Ripoti
Rinderpest in cattle is caused by a
Maelezo ya Majibu
Rinderpest is a viral disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and some wild animals. The virus that causes rinderpest is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae. Therefore, the correct answer is a virus.
Swali 28 Ripoti
One of the symptoms of brucellosis in ewes is
Maelezo ya Majibu
Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that affects many animals including sheep. One of the symptoms of brucellosis in ewes is abortion. Ewes infected with brucellosis may abort their fetuses prematurely, leading to a decrease in the number of lambs produced. The bacteria can also affect the reproductive organs and cause infertility. In some cases, ewes infected with brucellosis may give birth to weak or stillborn lambs. Other symptoms of brucellosis in ewes may include fever, weight loss, and reduced milk production.
Swali 29 Ripoti
The introduction of semen into the reproductive tract of female farm animals without copulation is called.
Maelezo ya Majibu
The introduction of semen into the reproductive tract of female farm animals without copulation is called artificial insemination. This technique is used to breed animals with desirable genetic traits and it involves the collection, processing, and storage of semen from male animals, which can then be used to inseminate females at a later time. Compared to natural mating, artificial insemination allows for greater control over breeding, increased genetic diversity, and the ability to breed animals from different geographic locations.
Swali 30 Ripoti
Which of the following characteristics describes the external features of sheep?
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Swali 31 Ripoti
A limitation to the effective use of artificial insemination in animal improvment is
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Swali 32 Ripoti
A disadvantage of prolonged inbreeding in farm animals it that it leads to
Maelezo ya Majibu
Inbreeding is a breeding practice where animals that are closely related are mated with each other over several generations. A disadvantage of prolonged inbreeding in farm animals is that it can lead to reduced vigour among offspring. This is because inbreeding increases the likelihood of homozygosity, meaning the offspring inherit identical copies of genes from both parents. This can result in the expression of recessive alleles that can cause genetic disorders and reduce the overall health and fitness of the offspring. As a result, inbreeding can lead to reduced production, increased mortality rates, and lower overall performance in farm animals.
Swali 33 Ripoti
Which of the following disease would directly affect milk production in cows
Maelezo ya Majibu
Mastitis is the disease that would directly affect milk production in cows. Mastitis is an inflammation of the udder caused by bacterial infection, and it can reduce milk production and alter the composition of the milk, leading to poor quality milk. Infected cows can also experience pain and discomfort, which can further decrease milk production. Therefore, it is important for farmers to take preventive measures such as proper sanitation and hygiene practices, as well as prompt treatment of any signs of mastitis in their cows.
Swali 34 Ripoti
Which of the following plants is a pasture legume?
Maelezo ya Majibu
Pueraria phaseoloides is a pasture legume. This is because legumes are plants that have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in their root nodules, which can be used as a source of nitrogen for other plants. Pueraria phaseoloides is a fast-growing, high-yielding legume that can be used as a forage crop, improving soil fertility and providing high-quality feed for livestock. Panicum maximum, Andropogen gayanus, and Axonopus compressus are all grasses commonly used as forage crops, but they are not legumes.
Swali 35 Ripoti
Which of the following effects is associated with high temperature brooding of chicks
Maelezo ya Majibu
Swali 36 Ripoti
If 25kg feed was consumed by 10,000 birds in six hours, determine the quantity of feed required by the same number of birds in one week?
Maelezo ya Majibu
To solve this problem, we need to first calculate the birds' feed consumption rate per day and then multiply it by the number of days in a week. The birds consumed 25kg of feed in 6 hours, which is 1/4th of a day (since there are 24 hours in a day). So, their feed consumption rate per day is: 25 kg รท 1/4 day = 100 kg/day To calculate the feed required by the same number of birds in one week (7 days), we simply multiply the daily feed consumption rate by the number of days: 100 kg/day x 7 days = 700 kg Therefore, the quantity of feed required by the same number of birds in one week is 700kg. Hence the answer is.
Swali 38 Ripoti
Which of the labelled parts is used by the tapeworm to attach itself to the host?
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Swali 39 Ripoti
which of the following types of meat is obtained from sheep?
Maelezo ya Majibu
The type of meat obtained from sheep is called mutton. Mutton is the meat obtained from adult sheep, typically over one year old. It is a red meat and has a distinctive flavor that sets it apart from other meats such as beef or pork. Chevon, on the other hand, is the meat obtained from goats. Beef is the meat obtained from cattle, while ham is typically the meat from the hind leg of a pig that has been cured or smoked.
Swali 41 Ripoti
(a) Mention four parasites of farm animals.
(b) Enumerate five ways in which the keeping of ruminants is important to the economy of your country.
(c) List In management practices undertaken in caulk production.
(d) State two ways in which each of the following management practices is important: (i) brooding (ii) debeaking (iii) culling.
(a) Four parasites of farm animals
- Tick.
- Louse.
- Liver fluke.
- Tapeworm (also roundworm, mite, tsetse fly).
(b) Five ways in which the keeping of ruminants is important to the economy
- Provides meat and milk as a cheap source of animal protein.
- Is a source of income and foreign exchange to farmers and the nation.
- Provides employment along the production and marketing chain.
- Supplies raw materials such as hides and skin for industry.
- Provides manure for crop farming and draught power for work.
(c) Management practices undertaken in calf production
- Feeding the calf with colostrum soon after birth.
- Disinfecting and treating the navel cord.
- Identification (ear tagging/notching).
- Dehorning and castration of unwanted males.
- Feeding, weaning, deworming and vaccination.
(d) Two ways each practice is important
(i) Brooding: provides warmth to chicks and protects them from cold and predators, thereby reducing chick mortality.
(ii) Debeaking: prevents cannibalism and feather pecking, and reduces feed wastage and egg-eating.
(iii) Culling: removes unproductive animals and helps to control disease, improving flock quality and reducing feeding cost.
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Four parasites of farm animals
- Tick.
- Louse.
- Liver fluke.
- Tapeworm (also roundworm, mite, tsetse fly).
(b) Five ways in which the keeping of ruminants is important to the economy
- Provides meat and milk as a cheap source of animal protein.
- Is a source of income and foreign exchange to farmers and the nation.
- Provides employment along the production and marketing chain.
- Supplies raw materials such as hides and skin for industry.
- Provides manure for crop farming and draught power for work.
(c) Management practices undertaken in calf production
- Feeding the calf with colostrum soon after birth.
- Disinfecting and treating the navel cord.
- Identification (ear tagging/notching).
- Dehorning and castration of unwanted males.
- Feeding, weaning, deworming and vaccination.
(d) Two ways each practice is important
(i) Brooding: provides warmth to chicks and protects them from cold and predators, thereby reducing chick mortality.
(ii) Debeaking: prevents cannibalism and feather pecking, and reduces feed wastage and egg-eating.
(iii) Culling: removes unproductive animals and helps to control disease, improving flock quality and reducing feeding cost.
Swali 42 Ripoti
(a) State five management practices that are carried out daily on a livestock farm
(b) Mention five devices that could be used in restraining farm animals.
(c) Name four structures used for housing livestock.
(d) Outline the steps involved in branding cattle.
(a) Five management practices carried out daily on a livestock farm
- Feeding the animals.
- Provision of clean drinking water.
- Cleaning of pens, houses and equipment.
- Collection of eggs and/or milking.
- Inspection of the animals for signs of ill health.
(b) Five devices used in restraining farm animals
- Rope/halter.
- Cattle crush.
- Bull ring (nose ring).
- Casting rope.
- Stanchion (also yoke, trevis).
(c) Four structures used for housing livestock
- Poultry house.
- Piggery (pig pen).
- Cattle kraal/byre.
- Sheep/goat pen (also rabbit hutch, stable).
(d) Steps involved in branding cattle (hot-iron branding)
- Restrain the animal firmly in a crush.
- Heat the branding iron until it is red hot.
- Select and clean the branding site (usually the hip or flank).
- Press the hot iron firmly on the site for a few seconds to leave a permanent mark.
- Release the animal and treat the branded area to prevent infection.
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Five management practices carried out daily on a livestock farm
- Feeding the animals.
- Provision of clean drinking water.
- Cleaning of pens, houses and equipment.
- Collection of eggs and/or milking.
- Inspection of the animals for signs of ill health.
(b) Five devices used in restraining farm animals
- Rope/halter.
- Cattle crush.
- Bull ring (nose ring).
- Casting rope.
- Stanchion (also yoke, trevis).
(c) Four structures used for housing livestock
- Poultry house.
- Piggery (pig pen).
- Cattle kraal/byre.
- Sheep/goat pen (also rabbit hutch, stable).
(d) Steps involved in branding cattle (hot-iron branding)
- Restrain the animal firmly in a crush.
- Heat the branding iron until it is red hot.
- Select and clean the branding site (usually the hip or flank).
- Press the hot iron firmly on the site for a few seconds to leave a permanent mark.
- Release the animal and treat the branded area to prevent infection.
Swali 43 Ripoti
(a) State five ways of improving pasture.
(b) Name live organs of the digestive system of a. rabbit.
(c) State five precautions that should be taken in dipping of sheep.
(a) Five ways of improving pasture
- Apply fertiliser or farmyard manure to raise soil fertility.
- Practise controlled/rotational grazing to avoid overgrazing.
- Introduce improved, high-yielding grass and legume species.
- Control weeds and undesirable plants.
- Reseed/oversow bare patches and provide irrigation where possible.
(b) Five organs of the digestive system of a rabbit
- Mouth.
- Stomach.
- Small intestine.
- Caecum.
- Large intestine (colon/rectum) - the rabbit also has an oesophagus and anus.
(c) Five precautions to be taken in the dipping of sheep
- Prepare the dip wash at the correct concentration.
- Ensure the whole body, including the head, is immersed.
- Do not dip sick, pregnant, tired or very young animals.
- Dip during the cool part of the day and allow the animals to drain afterwards.
- Do not dip animals on a completely empty or completely full stomach, and top up the dip wash regularly.
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Five ways of improving pasture
- Apply fertiliser or farmyard manure to raise soil fertility.
- Practise controlled/rotational grazing to avoid overgrazing.
- Introduce improved, high-yielding grass and legume species.
- Control weeds and undesirable plants.
- Reseed/oversow bare patches and provide irrigation where possible.
(b) Five organs of the digestive system of a rabbit
- Mouth.
- Stomach.
- Small intestine.
- Caecum.
- Large intestine (colon/rectum) - the rabbit also has an oesophagus and anus.
(c) Five precautions to be taken in the dipping of sheep
- Prepare the dip wash at the correct concentration.
- Ensure the whole body, including the head, is immersed.
- Do not dip sick, pregnant, tired or very young animals.
- Dip during the cool part of the day and allow the animals to drain afterwards.
- Do not dip animals on a completely empty or completely full stomach, and top up the dip wash regularly.
Swali 44 Ripoti
(a) State five objectives of animal improvement.
(b) Mention live signs that indicate that a pregnant animal is approaching parturition. (c) Name two disease causing organisms in livestock production.
(d) copy and complete the table below:
| Nutrients | One Function | One deficiency symptom |
| Calcium | ||
| Iodine | ||
| Vitamin A | ||
| Vitamin E |
(a) Five objectives of animal improvement
- To increase the yield of animal products such as meat, milk, eggs and wool.
- To improve the quality of these products, for example leaner meat or milk of higher butterfat content.
- To develop animals that grow faster and reach market or maturity weight earlier (better feed conversion).
- To breed animals with greater resistance or tolerance to diseases, parasites and harsh environmental conditions.
- To improve the reproductive efficiency (fertility, prolificacy and mothering ability) of the animals.
(b) Signs that a pregnant animal is approaching parturition
- Enlargement of the udder with the secretion of milk (bagging up).
- Swelling and slackening or reddening of the vulva.
- Restlessness, isolation from the herd and the making of a nest or bed in some animals.
- Relaxation and sinking of the pelvic (tail-head) ligaments and hollowing of the flanks.
- Loss of appetite and frequent lying down and rising.
(c) Two disease-causing organisms in livestock production
- Bacteria (for example those causing anthrax and brucellosis).
- Protozoa (for example Trypanosoma causing trypanosomiasis). Other examples include viruses and helminths (worms).
(d) Completed nutrient table
| Nutrient | One function | One deficiency symptom |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium | Formation of strong bones, teeth and eggshells; needed for blood clotting. | Rickets in the young / soft weak bones and thin-shelled eggs; milk fever in cattle. |
| Iodine | Formation of the thyroid hormone (thyroxine) which controls the rate of metabolism. | Goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland); birth of weak or hairless young. |
| Vitamin A | Maintains healthy eyes and vision and keeps the skin and epithelial linings healthy. | Night blindness and, in severe cases, total blindness (xerophthalmia). |
| Vitamin E | Promotes normal reproduction and protects body tissues, especially muscles, as an antioxidant. | Muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease) and infertility. |
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Five objectives of animal improvement
- To increase the yield of animal products such as meat, milk, eggs and wool.
- To improve the quality of these products, for example leaner meat or milk of higher butterfat content.
- To develop animals that grow faster and reach market or maturity weight earlier (better feed conversion).
- To breed animals with greater resistance or tolerance to diseases, parasites and harsh environmental conditions.
- To improve the reproductive efficiency (fertility, prolificacy and mothering ability) of the animals.
(b) Signs that a pregnant animal is approaching parturition
- Enlargement of the udder with the secretion of milk (bagging up).
- Swelling and slackening or reddening of the vulva.
- Restlessness, isolation from the herd and the making of a nest or bed in some animals.
- Relaxation and sinking of the pelvic (tail-head) ligaments and hollowing of the flanks.
- Loss of appetite and frequent lying down and rising.
(c) Two disease-causing organisms in livestock production
- Bacteria (for example those causing anthrax and brucellosis).
- Protozoa (for example Trypanosoma causing trypanosomiasis). Other examples include viruses and helminths (worms).
(d) Completed nutrient table
| Nutrient | One function | One deficiency symptom |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium | Formation of strong bones, teeth and eggshells; needed for blood clotting. | Rickets in the young / soft weak bones and thin-shelled eggs; milk fever in cattle. |
| Iodine | Formation of the thyroid hormone (thyroxine) which controls the rate of metabolism. | Goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland); birth of weak or hairless young. |
| Vitamin A | Maintains healthy eyes and vision and keeps the skin and epithelial linings healthy. | Night blindness and, in severe cases, total blindness (xerophthalmia). |
| Vitamin E | Promotes normal reproduction and protects body tissues, especially muscles, as an antioxidant. | Muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease) and infertility. |
Swali 45 Ripoti
(a) Mention three equipment used in incubation of eggs
(b) State five measures a livestock farmer could adopt to control diseases on the farm
(c) enumerate four advantages of artificial insemination
(d) Discuss two methods of animal improvement.
(a) Three equipment used in incubation of eggs
- Incubator.
- Egg tray.
- Candler (candling lamp) - also thermometer and hygrometer.
(b) Five measures a livestock farmer could adopt to control diseases on the farm
- Vaccinate the animals against common diseases.
- Maintain good sanitation and hygiene in pens and equipment.
- Isolate/quarantine sick and newly introduced animals.
- Provide balanced feed and clean water to build resistance.
- Deworm regularly and disinfect the premises, and treat sick animals promptly.
(c) Four advantages of artificial insemination
- One superior sire can serve many females.
- It prevents the spread of breeding (venereal) diseases.
- It removes the cost and danger of keeping a bull.
- Semen can be stored and transported over long distances for genetic improvement.
(d) Two methods of animal improvement
- Selection: identifying and keeping only animals with superior, desirable traits (high yield, disease resistance, good conformation) for breeding, so that these traits are passed on to the offspring.
- Crossbreeding: mating animals of two different breeds so as to combine the desirable qualities of both breeds and obtain hybrid vigour (offspring superior to the parents).
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Three equipment used in incubation of eggs
- Incubator.
- Egg tray.
- Candler (candling lamp) - also thermometer and hygrometer.
(b) Five measures a livestock farmer could adopt to control diseases on the farm
- Vaccinate the animals against common diseases.
- Maintain good sanitation and hygiene in pens and equipment.
- Isolate/quarantine sick and newly introduced animals.
- Provide balanced feed and clean water to build resistance.
- Deworm regularly and disinfect the premises, and treat sick animals promptly.
(c) Four advantages of artificial insemination
- One superior sire can serve many females.
- It prevents the spread of breeding (venereal) diseases.
- It removes the cost and danger of keeping a bull.
- Semen can be stored and transported over long distances for genetic improvement.
(d) Two methods of animal improvement
- Selection: identifying and keeping only animals with superior, desirable traits (high yield, disease resistance, good conformation) for breeding, so that these traits are passed on to the offspring.
- Crossbreeding: mating animals of two different breeds so as to combine the desirable qualities of both breeds and obtain hybrid vigour (offspring superior to the parents).
Swali 46 Ripoti
(a) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal nutrition (i) ration (ii) balanced diet (iii) maintenance ration (iv) production ration (v) malnutrition.
(b) Give two uses of each of the following animal products: (i) honey (ii) wool (iii) horn (iv) milk (d) egg.
(a) Explanation of terms
- (i) Ration: the total amount of feed given to an animal within 24 hours.
- (ii) Balanced diet: feed that contains all the essential nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water) in the correct proportions required by the animal.
- (iii) Maintenance ration: the feed given to keep an animal alive and healthy without any gain or loss in body weight.
- (iv) Production ration: the feed given in addition to the maintenance ration to enable the animal produce (growth, milk, eggs, meat, wool or work).
- (v) Malnutrition: a disorder caused by feeding an animal on a diet deficient in, or having a wrong proportion of, one or more essential nutrients.
(b) Two uses of each animal product
- Honey: used as food/sweetener; used in medicine.
- Wool: used for making clothing/textiles; used for blankets and carpets.
- Horn: used for making combs and buttons; used for ornaments/decorations.
- Milk: used as human food/drink; used for making butter, cheese and yoghurt.
- Egg: used as food; used for hatching/incubation (and in confectionery and vaccine production).
Maelezo ya Majibu
(a) Explanation of terms
- (i) Ration: the total amount of feed given to an animal within 24 hours.
- (ii) Balanced diet: feed that contains all the essential nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water) in the correct proportions required by the animal.
- (iii) Maintenance ration: the feed given to keep an animal alive and healthy without any gain or loss in body weight.
- (iv) Production ration: the feed given in addition to the maintenance ration to enable the animal produce (growth, milk, eggs, meat, wool or work).
- (v) Malnutrition: a disorder caused by feeding an animal on a diet deficient in, or having a wrong proportion of, one or more essential nutrients.
(b) Two uses of each animal product
- Honey: used as food/sweetener; used in medicine.
- Wool: used for making clothing/textiles; used for blankets and carpets.
- Horn: used for making combs and buttons; used for ornaments/decorations.
- Milk: used as human food/drink; used for making butter, cheese and yoghurt.
- Egg: used as food; used for hatching/incubation (and in confectionery and vaccine production).
