JAMB UTME - Government - 2020

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The theory of separation of powers was first clearly formulated by Baron de Montesquieu. Baron de Montesquieu was a French political philosopher who lived in the 18th century. He is best known for his book "The Spirit of the Laws," which was published in 1748. In this book, Montesquieu outlined the idea of the separation of powers, which is the concept that the powers of government should be divided among different branches, each with its own distinct responsibilities and areas of authority. The theory of separation of powers proposes that there should be a clear division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. This division of powers helps to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and helps to ensure that the different branches can check and balance each other, leading to a more representative and effective government. Montesquieu's ideas on the separation of powers have been highly influential in shaping modern constitutional systems and are still widely studied and discussed today. For this reason, he is often considered to be the first person to clearly formulate the theory of separation of powers.

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New appointed military governors were not given seats on the supreme military council, but instead were expected to administer federal policies handed by Muritala Muhammad.

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In 1923, Nigerians were first elected to the legislative council in British West Africa

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A state is said to be sovereign when it is subject to no other authority. This means that the state has supreme power and control over its own territory and people, and is not under the control or influence of any other state or international organization. In other words, a sovereign state has the right to govern itself and make its own decisions, free from outside interference. This concept is an important aspect of modern international relations and helps to define the relationships between states and the limits of their power.

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The United State of America refused to license the sales of arms to the federal government, as a result, Nigerians were reluctant to interact with USA and turned to the Soviet Union who supplied the federal government arms.

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Before 1963, the highest court in Nigeria was the Judicial Committees of the Privy Council. The Privy Council was a group of advisors to the British monarch and served as the final court of appeal for many British colonies, including Nigeria. This means that if someone in Nigeria wanted to appeal a decision made by a lower court, they would have to take their case to the Judicial Committees of the Privy Council in England. Nowadays, the Supreme Court of Nigeria serves as the country's final court of appeal.

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The idea of making the civil service permanent, neutral, and anonymous is to enhance efficiency in administration. The civil service is the group of government employees who carry out the day-to-day tasks of running the government. By making the civil service permanent, neutral, and anonymous, the goal is to create a professional and impartial bureaucracy that is focused on delivering high-quality public services and implementing government policies in an effective and efficient manner. A permanent civil service means that employees are not appointed or removed based on political considerations, but rather based on merit and performance. This helps to ensure that the civil service is staffed by knowledgeable and experienced professionals who are not influenced by political pressure or biases. A neutral civil service means that employees do not take sides in political debates and do not advocate for any particular political viewpoint. This helps to ensure that the civil service provides impartial and objective advice to elected officials and implements policies in a neutral and fair manner. An anonymous civil service means that employees do not have a public profile or reputation that could be used to influence their decisions or actions. This helps to ensure that the civil service operates without fear or favor and makes decisions based on the merits of each case, rather than personal or political considerations.

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An oligarchy is a form of government in which control of ultimate power is by a small group of people, who rule in their own selfish interest. This group of people can be made up of the wealthy, the military, or a political elite. In an oligarchy, the ruling power is not based on laws or elected officials, but rather on the control and influence of a small group of individuals. In simple terms, an oligarchy is a government ruled by a select few, for their own benefit.

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The founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch advocate for the political and economic empowerment of Black people. He founded the UNIA in 1914 with the goal of promoting Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism, and worked to establish a separate Black nation in Africa for African Americans. The UNIA became one of the largest mass movements of Black people in the 20th century, and its impact was felt globally. Garvey's ideas and activism helped lay the foundation for the modern Civil Rights Movement and inspired later leaders like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

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Fascism developed in Italy. Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes strong national identity, extreme authoritarianism, and aggressive nationalism. It emerged in Italy in the early 20th century and was led by Benito Mussolini. The fascist government in Italy was characterized by strict control of the media, suppression of political opposition, and glorification of the state and military. It eventually led to Italy's involvement in World War II.

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Electoral Commission is a body charged with organizing and conducting all elections in the country. Delineation of constituencies is the division of a country into constituencies.

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A bill that applies to the whole population and is intended to promote the general welfare is called a public bill. A public bill is a piece of legislation that affects the general public, rather than just a specific individual or group. Public bills can cover a wide range of topics, including health care, education, taxes, and other issues that impact the lives of citizens. These bills are typically introduced by elected officials and must go through a series of steps in the legislative process before they become law. The purpose of public bills is to improve the welfare of the community as a whole.

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Rates are generally collected in Nigeria by the Department of Inland Revenue. The Department of Inland Revenue is a government agency responsible for collecting taxes and other forms of revenue on behalf of the Nigerian government. They are responsible for ensuring that citizens and businesses pay the correct amount of taxes and that the government is able to generate the necessary revenue to provide services and support for the country. The Department of Inland Revenue also helps to enforce tax laws and regulations, and works to prevent tax evasion and fraud. In this way, they play a crucial role in the financial stability and growth of Nigeria.

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Angola was the last country to win independence from colonial rule. Angola became independent from Portugal on November 11, 1975, after a long and bloody struggle for independence that lasted over a decade. The independence movement in Angola was led by the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which fought against the Portuguese colonial government. After years of conflict, the MPLA was able to secure victory and establish an independent, sovereign nation. Angola's independence marked the end of centuries of Portuguese rule and opened a new chapter in the country's history.

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Federal character and inequality was not a part of the 1979 constitution fundamentals

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Nigeria's non-aligned policy means that the country will not take sides in international issues based on ideological considerations and will not align itself with any particular political ideology or bloc of nations. Instead, Nigeria seeks to maintain independence and impartiality in its foreign relations, and to establish relationships with all nations based on mutual respect and shared interests. This allows Nigeria to have a more flexible and neutral approach to international affairs, and to work towards resolving conflicts and promoting peace and stability in the world.

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A characteristic feature of communism is dictatorship. Communism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which all property and resources are owned and controlled by the community as a whole, rather than by individuals. In a communist system, the government typically controls and regulates all aspects of economic and political life, and individual freedoms are limited in the name of the greater good of the community. This centralization of power is often achieved through a dictatorship, where a single party or individual holds all the power and makes all the decisions for the society.

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NEPAD, or the New Partnership for Africa's Development, was adopted during the OAU (Organization of African Unity) summit held in Lusaka, Zambia in 2001. NEPAD is a development program for Africa that aims to promote good governance, economic growth, and poverty reduction on the continent. It was created by African leaders with the goal of addressing the challenges facing Africa and to provide a new vision for its future. In simple terms, NEPAD is a plan for African countries to work together to improve their economies and the lives of their people. The plan was adopted at a meeting of African leaders in Lusaka, Zambia in 2001.

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Confederalism is a system of organization in which there is a union of states with each state retaining some independent control on both internal and external affairs. ECOWAS  is located in Nigeria with the purpose of promoting regional cooperation and economic integration.

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A meeting of the legislature is usually brought to an end with an adjournment. This means that the session of the legislature is temporarily ended and will resume at a later time and date. The purpose of adjourning a legislative session is to allow lawmakers to take a break, attend to other business, or reconvene at a later time to continue their work. Adjourning a meeting does not end the legislative term and does not dissolve the legislative body.

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The 1979 constitution tried to avoid the pitfalls of the First Republic by establishing the options above except for option  2

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In the traditional Hausa-Fulani political system, political authority was vested in the Emir. An Emir is a ruler or leader, usually of a city or town, and in the Hausa-Fulani tradition, the Emir was the highest political and religious authority. He was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and representing the community in dealings with other political and military leaders. The Emir was considered to be a representative of the larger Islamic community, and was often seen as a mediator between the people and the divine. The Hausa-Fulani political system was based on a hierarchical structure, with the Emir at the top, followed by other political and religious leaders, and the general population.

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The British Government took over the direct administration of Nigeria in 1900. Before 1900, Nigeria was governed by the Royal Niger Company, a British trading company with a royal charter. However, due to issues with governance and administration, the British government decided to revoke the charter of the Royal Niger Company and take over direct control of the country. This change allowed the British government to have a more direct and effective influence over the administration and development of Nigeria.

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The judicial organ of government is the body which interprets the law. This means that it is responsible for determining what the law means and how it should be applied in individual cases. The judicial branch also settles disputes between individuals and between individuals and the government, and determines the guilt or innocence of those accused of breaking the law. By interpreting the law and upholding the legal rights of citizens, the judicial branch helps to ensure that the laws are applied fairly and consistently, and that justice is served.

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Warrant Chiefs were appointed to take charge of local administration. Warrant Chiefs were individuals appointed by colonial administrators in Africa to act as intermediaries between the colonial government and the local people. They were responsible for maintaining order, collecting taxes, and implementing government policies within their communities. They had the authority to make decisions and enforce laws, making them the highest-ranking representatives of colonial rule at the local level. The main role of Warrant Chiefs was to maintain stability and control within their communities, and to ensure that the policies of the colonial government were being followed.

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The Gulf War of 1990 is an indication that the U.N.O. is unable to ensure permanent world peace. The Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States, which was formed to respond to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Despite the U.N.'s efforts to mediate the conflict and enforce economic sanctions against Iraq, a military intervention was necessary to resolve the crisis. This event highlights the limitations of the U.N. in achieving lasting peace and security in the world, as conflicts and disputes continue to occur in various parts of the world.

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The primary aim of political parties is to control political power. This means that they aim to win elections and form the government, so that they can make decisions and implement policies that reflect their ideology and benefit their members and supporters. Political parties also aim to influence legislation and execute particular programs, but these are secondary to their primary goal of holding political power.

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Judicial independence is a fundamental principle that ensures that the judiciary operates fairly and impartially, without interference from other branches of government or external forces. One of the key conditions for maintaining judicial independence is the appointment of judges by a neutral and impartial body. The correct answer is the Judicial Service Commission. This is a body that is responsible for the appointment, promotion, transfer, and disciplinary control of judges. The commission is typically composed of judges, lawyers, and other experts in the legal field, and its primary responsibility is to ensure that only qualified and impartial individuals are appointed to the judiciary. This helps to safeguard the independence of the judiciary and ensures that judges can make impartial decisions without fear of retribution or political pressure.

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The economic basis of feudalism is agriculture. Feudalism was a social and political system that existed in Europe from the 9th to the 15th centuries. In this system, lords owned the land and provided protection to the peasants who worked on their lands. The lords and the peasants had a reciprocal relationship, with the lords granting the peasants the use of the land in exchange for their labor and loyalty. The vast majority of the population was involved in agriculture, producing food and other goods for the local community. This agricultural economy formed the basis of the feudal system, as it provided the means of subsistence for both lords and peasants. The lords used their control over the land and the peasants to maintain their power and wealth, while the peasants relied on the lords for protection and support. This relationship was the foundation of feudal society, and it shaped the economic, political, and social structures of Europe for many centuries.

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Southern Nigeria was divided into Eastern and Western provinces for administrative purposes in 1939

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One of the disadvantages of plurality electoral system is the possibility of rigging the election in this system

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The option that is not associated with local government elections is "Constituency." A constituency refers to a geographical area that is represented by a single elected official, such as a Member of Parliament (MP) in a national election. In a local government election, the geographical area being represented is referred to as a "ward" or "electoral district." The other options, such as the ballot box and electoral officer, are associated with local government elections as they are integral components of the voting process.

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Law is a system of rules created which regulates behaviour.

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Democracy is concentrated on the people, the people's ability to exercise power directly or through a representative.

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The Premier of Western Region immediately after independence was S.L. Akintola.  He became the Premier 1960, however, there was a crisis between Akinotla and Awolowo , Moses Majekodunmi was then appointed as a Sole administrator until 1963 Akintola resumed as the Premier of Western Region

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A constitution is a legal document forming the basis upon which a government rules the country. It sets out the principles and rules for the governance of a nation, including the distribution of powers between different branches of government, the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and the processes for making and amending laws. The constitution acts as a framework for the functioning of a country and provides a stable and predictable system of government.

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 Vote power is exercised in the security council within the United States

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The charter of the United Nations was drawn up in San Francisco. The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. Its charter, which serves as its constitutional document, was written and signed in San Francisco by representatives of 50 countries in June of that year. This charter outlines the purposes and principles of the UN, as well as its structure and the responsibilities of its various organs, including the General Assembly, the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, and more. The charter is a key tool in promoting international cooperation and resolving global issues, and it remains a vital part of the UN's work today.

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The application of the rule of law may be constrained by invoking emergency powers. The rule of law is a principle that ensures that laws and legal procedures are followed in a fair and consistent manner, and that everyone is subject to the same laws and protections. However, in times of emergency, such as war or natural disasters, governments may feel the need to temporarily suspend certain legal protections in order to respond quickly and effectively to the situation. When emergency powers are invoked, the government may have the ability to bypass normal legal procedures, restrict civil liberties, and take other measures that would normally be considered unconstitutional. While these measures may be necessary in the short term to respond to the emergency, they can also undermine the rule of law and limit the ability of the legal system to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. Therefore, it is important for governments to use emergency powers sparingly, with clear limits and safeguards in place, and to restore normal legal procedures as soon as possible.

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The system of government in which power derives from total control of the instruments of force is called fascism. Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes extreme nationalism, aggressive expansionism, and the control of society by the state. In a fascist system of government, the state holds total control over the instruments of force, including the military and law enforcement, and uses this control to maintain power and suppress dissent. The leader of a fascist government is often seen as an all-powerful figure who is above the law and has complete control over the state. The individual rights and freedoms of citizens are often suppressed in a fascist state in order to maintain order and control.