Elasticity
Visão Geral
Put a 10% tax on cigarettes and sales barely move, but put the same 10% tax on cinema tickets and audiences shrink sharply. Both are price rises of the same size, yet the reaction of buyers is completely different. Elasticity is the single number that captures exactly how sensitive, or how insensitive, demand or supply is to a change in price or income, and it is one of the most powerful tools in a business's or a government's toolkit.
In this lesson you will work through all three elasticity measures on the 4EC1 specification in full: price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply, and income elasticity of demand. For each you will learn the formula, how to calculate it from percentage changes, how to read its sign and size, what determines it, and why it matters to a business deciding whether to raise its prices or to a government deciding what to tax.
Objetivos
- Definition of price elasticity of demand (PED)
- Formula of PED
- Calculate the PED using given percentage changes in quantity demanded and percentage changes in price
- The use of diagrams to show price elastic and price inelastic demand
- Interpret numerical values of PED that show perfect price inelasticity, price inelasticity, unitary price elasticity, price elasticity, perfect price elasticity
- The factors influencing PED, including substitutes, degree of necessity, percentage of income spent on goods or service, time
- Use of total revenue calculations to show the relationship between a change in price and the change in total revenue, to determine whether demand is price elastic or price inelastic
- Definition of price elasticity of supply (PES)
- Formula of PES
- Calculate the PES using given percentage changes in quantity supplied and percentage changes in price
- The use of diagrams to show price elastic and price inelastic supply
- Interpret numerical values of PES that show perfect price inelasticity, price inelasticity, unitary price elasticity, price elasticity, perfect price elasticity
- The factors influencing PES, including factors of production, availability of stocks, spare capacity, time
- Use examples to show the likely PES for manufactured and primary products
- Definition of income elasticity of demand
- Formula of income elasticity of demand
- Calculate the income elasticity of demand using given percentage changes in quantity demanded and percentage changes in income
- Interpret numerical values of income elasticity of demand that show luxury goods, normal goods, inferior goods
- The significance of price and income elasticities of demand to businesses and the government, in terms of the imposition of indirect taxes and subsidies, and changes in income
Nota de Aula
Disponível na aplicação Green Bridge
Transfira a aplicação Green Bridge CBT para o seu telemóvel ou computador para aceder a notas de aula completas, questões de prática e muito mais.
Avaliação da Lição
Parabéns por concluir a lição em Elasticity. Agora que você explorou o conceitos e ideias-chave, é hora de colocar seu conhecimento à prova. Esta seção oferece uma variedade de práticas perguntas destinadas a reforçar sua compreensão e ajudá-lo a avaliar sua compreensão do material.
Irá encontrar uma mistura de tipos de perguntas, incluindo perguntas de escolha múltipla, perguntas de resposta curta e perguntas de redação. Cada pergunta é cuidadosamente elaborada para avaliar diferentes aspetos do seu conhecimento e competências de pensamento crítico.
Use esta secção de avaliação como uma oportunidade para reforçar a tua compreensão do tema e identificar quaisquer áreas onde possas precisar de estudo adicional. Não te deixes desencorajar pelos desafios que encontrares; em vez disso, vê-os como oportunidades de crescimento e melhoria.
- The price of a good rises by 10% and quantity demanded falls by 25%. The PED is: A) -0.4 B) -2.5 C) +2.5 D) +0.4 Answer: B
- A PED value of exactly 0 describes: A) Perfectly price elastic demand B) Unitary price elasticity C) Perfectly price inelastic demand D) Perfectly price elastic supply Answer: C
- If demand is price inelastic, a rise in price will cause total revenue to: A) Increase B) Decrease C) Stay exactly the same D) Fall to zero Answer: A
- A good with a YED of -0.6 is best described as: A) A luxury good B) A normal, necessity good C) An inferior good D) A good with perfectly elastic supply Answer: C
- Agricultural products such as wheat tend to have a low PES mainly because: A) They have many close substitutes B) They are luxury goods C) Production is tied to a growing season and cannot be expanded quickly D) Consumers spend a small share of income on them Answer: C
Disponível na aplicação Green Bridge
Transfira a aplicação Green Bridge CBT para o seu telemóvel ou computador para aceder a notas de aula completas, questões de prática e muito mais.
Disponível na aplicação Green Bridge
Transfira a aplicação Green Bridge CBT para o seu telemóvel ou computador para aceder a notas de aula completas, questões de prática e muito mais.
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