Thermal Properties And Temperature
Visão Geral
Bridges are built with gaps so they do not buckle in summer, kettles stay at 100 degrees while they boil, and a wet finger feels cold in a breeze. All three are thermal physics in action: expansion, change of state, and the cooling caused by evaporation.
In this lesson you will explain thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, describe melting, boiling, condensation and evaporation in terms of particles and energy, and calculate energy changes using specific heat capacity. You will also see why evaporation cools and how to speed it up.
Objetivos
- Describe, qualitatively, the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases at constant pressure
- Describe some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion
- Know that a rise in the temperature of an object increases its internal energy
- Describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature
- Know the melting and boiling temperatures for water at standard atmospheric pressure
- Describe condensation and solidification in terms of particles
- Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic particles from the surface of a liquid
- Know that evaporation causes cooling of a liquid
- [Supplement] Explain, in terms of the motion and arrangement of particles, the relative order of magnitudes of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases as their temperatures rise
- [Supplement] Describe an increase in temperature of an object in terms of an increase in the average kinetic energies of all of the particles in the object
- [Supplement] Define specific heat capacity as the energy required per unit mass per unit temperature increase; recall and use the equation ∆E c = m∆θ
- [Supplement] Describe experiments to measure the specific heat capacity of a solid and a liquid
- [Supplement] Describe the differences between boiling and evaporation
- [Supplement] Describe how temperature, surface area and air movement over a surface affect evaporation
- [Supplement] Explain the cooling of an object in contact with an evaporating liquid
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- For the same temperature rise, the greatest expansion is shown by: A. solids B. liquids C. gases D. all expand equally Answer: C
- During boiling, the energy supplied is used to: A. raise the temperature B. break the bonds between particles C. increase the pressure D. cool the liquid Answer: B
- Evaporation cools a liquid because: A. the slowest particles escape B. the most energetic particles escape, lowering the average energy C. the liquid gains energy D. the temperature rises Answer: B
- How much energy raises 2 kg of water by 10 C? (c = 4200 J/(kg C)) A. 8400 J B. 21 000 J C. 84 000 J D. 4200 J Answer: C
- Water boils at standard atmospheric pressure at: A. 0 C B. 50 C C. 100 C D. 273 C Answer: C
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