Temperature Regulation And Excretion
Visão Geral
Your core body temperature holds steady at about 37 degrees Celsius whether you are standing in a snowstorm or running a marathon, and your blood glucose stays within a narrow band whether you have just eaten a meal or skipped one. Neither of these is an accident: both are the output of automatic control systems working every second to keep your internal environment stable.
This lesson builds the machinery behind that stability. You will learn how the skin regulates temperature, how the kidneys filter blood and balance its water content, how the liver and pancreas keep blood glucose steady, and how negative feedback ties all of these systems together into one coherent principle.
Objetivos
- Know the structure and functions of the skin and explain the role of sweat glands, vasoconstriction, vasodilation and shivering in temperature regulation
- Know the definition of excretion: the removal of metabolic waste, including urea, carbon dioxide and water
- Know the structure and functions of the renal system
- Explain why the composition of urine may vary
- Describe the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in osmoregulation
- Explain the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood
- Understand the roles of insulin and glucagon in maintaining blood glucose levels
- Understand the concept of homeostasis and the role of negative feedback, with particular reference to temperature control and blood glucose concentration
- Describe the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants and kidney dialysis
- Investigate diffusion using a partially-permeable membrane such as Visking tubing
- Describe the functions of the liver in bile production, regulation of blood sugar, urea formation and detoxification including the breakdown of alcohol
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- Which gland releases ADH into the bloodstream? A) Pancreas B) Pituitary gland C) Liver D) Adrenal gland Answer: B
- Which part of the nephron is responsible for ultrafiltration? A) Collecting duct B) Loop of Henle C) Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule D) Distal convoluted tubule Answer: C
- A fall in blood glucose concentration causes the pancreas to release: A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) ADH D) Adrenaline Answer: B
- Which skin response helps to increase heat loss on a hot day? A) Vasoconstriction B) Shivering C) Vasodilation D) Hair-erector muscles contracting Answer: C
- Urea is produced in the liver by which process? A) Ultrafiltration B) Deamination C) Osmoregulation D) Assimilation Answer: B
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The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Explain how the kidneys serve as the main osmoregulatory organs in mammalian systems
"Biology: The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/41-2-the-kidneys-and-osmoregulatory-organs. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-introduction
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Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
Explain how hormonal cues help the kidneys synchronize the osmotic needs of the body
"Biology: Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/41-5-hormonal-control-of-osmoregulatory-functions. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-introduction
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