Diseases And Immunity
Visão Geral
Every day your body is exposed to microorganisms that could make you ill, yet most of the time you stay healthy. That is because you are protected on two fronts: physical and chemical barriers that keep pathogens out, and an immune system that destroys those that get in, and remembers them.
In this lesson you will learn what pathogens are, how diseases spread, and how good hygiene and clean water control them. Extended students will learn how antibodies and antigens work, how vaccination gives long-term immunity, and how passive immunity protects a newborn baby.
Objetivos
- Describe a pathogen as a disease-causing organism
- Describe a transmissible disease as a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another
- State that a pathogen is transmitted: (a) b y direct contact, including through blood and other body fluids (b) i ndirectly, including from contaminated surfaces, food, animals and air
- Describe the body defences, limited to: skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells
- Explain the importance of the following in controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details of the stages of sewage treatment are not required)
- [Supplement] Describe active immunity as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
- [Supplement] State that each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes
- [Supplement] Describe antibodies as proteins that bind to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
- [Supplement] State that specific antibodies have complementary shapes which fit specific antigens
- [Supplement] Explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen or by vaccination
- [Supplement] Outline the process of vaccination: (a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are put into the body (b) the antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies (c) memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity
- [Supplement] Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases
- [Supplement] Explain that passive immunity is a short-term defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual, including across the placenta and in breast milk
- [Supplement] Explain the importance of breast-feeding for the development of passive immunity in infants
- [Supplement] State that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity
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- A pathogen is best described as: A. a disease B. a disease-causing organism C. a type of antibody D. a white blood cell Answer: B
- Which is a chemical defence of the body against pathogens? A. skin B. nose hairs C. stomach acid D. mucus trapping only Answer: C
- [Supplement] Antibodies are produced by: A. red blood cells B. lymphocytes C. platelets D. plasma Answer: B
- [Supplement] Long-term immunity after vaccination is due to the production of: A. antigens B. memory cells C. platelets D. plasma Answer: B
- [Supplement] Immunity gained from antibodies in breast milk is an example of: A. active immunity B. passive immunity C. natural barriers D. phagocytosis Answer: B
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