Crude Oil
Visão Geral
Crude oil is one of the most valuable natural resources on Earth. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that, once separated, provides fuels for transport, raw materials for plastics, and feedstock for the entire petrochemical industry.
In this lesson you will learn how fractional distillation separates crude oil into useful fractions, what those fractions are used for, how hydrocarbons burn in complete and incomplete combustion, why combustion products cause pollution, and how cracking converts less useful long-chain molecules into shorter, more valuable ones.
Objetivos
- Know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
- Know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil
- Know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
- Know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
- Know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
- Understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen
- Know that in car engines the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
- Explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
- Understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain
- Describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking
- Explain why cracking is necessary in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions
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- Crude oil is a mixture of: A) Elements B) Hydrocarbons C) Metals D) Salts Answer: B
- In a fractionating column, which fraction is collected at the top? A) Bitumen B) Diesel C) Refinery gases D) Fuel oil Answer: C
- What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon? A) Carbon monoxide and water B) Carbon dioxide and water C) Carbon and water D) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen Answer: B
- Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it: A) Is acidic B) Smells toxic C) Binds to haemoglobin and prevents oxygen transport D) Reacts with water to form acid Answer: C
- Cracking is needed because: A) Short-chain hydrocarbons are in lower demand B) Long-chain fractions are in higher demand C) The supply of lighter fractions does not meet the demand D) All fractions have equal demand Answer: C
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