The Characteristic Properties Of Acids And Bases
Visão Geral
From the sharp taste of lemon juice to the soapy feel of oven cleaner, acids and bases shape much of the chemistry around you. They sit at opposite ends of a single scale, and learning to recognise each one, and how they react, unlocks a huge slice of the syllabus.
In this lesson you will learn how acids and bases behave, how the pH scale and indicators tell them apart, and the three signature reactions of acids: with metals, with bases and with carbonates. These patterns appear again and again in salts, titrations and everyday materials.
Objetivos
- Describe the characteristic properties of acids in terms of their reactions with: (a) metals (b) bases (c) carbonates.
- Describe acids in terms of their effect on: (a) litmus (b) thymolphthalein (c) methyl orange.
- State that bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals and that alkalis are soluble bases.
- Describe the characteristic properties of bases in terms of their reactions with: (a) acids (b) ammonium salts.
- Describe alkalis in terms of their effect on: (a) litmus (b) thymolphthalein (c) methyl orange.
- State that aqueous solutions of acids contain H+ ions and aqueous solutions of alkalis contain OH- ions.
- Describe how to compare hydrogen ion concentration, neutrality, relative acidity and relative alkalinity in terms of colour and pH using universal indicator paper.
- Describe the neutralisation reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce water, H⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → H₂O (l).
- [Supplement] Define acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
- [Supplement] Define a strong acid as an acid that is completely dissociated in aqueous solution and a weak acid as an acid that is partially dissociated in aqueous solution.
- [Supplement] State that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, as shown by the symbol equation, HCl (aq) → H+(aq) + Cl -(aq).
- [Supplement] State that ethanoic acid is a weak acid, as shown by the symbol equation, CH COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH COO-(aq) 3 3 ⇌.
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- A solution with a pH of 3 is: A. Strongly alkaline B. Neutral C. Acidic D. A salt Answer: C
- Which ion is produced by an acid in aqueous solution? A. OH- B. H+ C. Na+ D. Cl- Answer: B
- Acid + metal produces: A. Salt + water B. Salt + hydrogen C. Salt + carbon dioxide D. Salt + oxygen Answer: B
- Acid + carbonate produces salt, water and: A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Ammonia Answer: C
- An alkali is best described as: A. Any acid B. A soluble base C. A metal D. A neutral substance Answer: B
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Assess the relative strengths of acids and bases according to their ionization constants
"Chemistry: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/14-3-relative-strengths-of-acids-and-bases. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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