WAEC SSCE - Animal Husbandry - 2024 (Essay)

Detalhes da Resposta

(a)  Discussion on anthrax disease;
(i)  Causative organism

•   Bacillus anthracis

               
(ii)  Modes of transmission           

• Ingestion of contaminated feeds
• Inhalation of spores
• Drinking of contaminated water
• Open wounds/body contact
• Contaminated soil
• Contaminated equipment e.g. feeder, drinker etc.
• Vector/flies/rats/birds etc.

(b) 

Detalhes da Resposta

(a) Objectives of Animal Improvement: (i) To produce animals with high/large with/large yield e.g meat, milk, egg, wool/fur 
(ii) To produce animals with high feed conversion efficiency. (iii) Improvement in the quality oi'meat, eggs, milk, wool/fur 
(iv) To produce animals which can adapt to climate conditions. (v) To produce animals with good mothering ability. (vi) To produce disease resistance/tolerant animals. (vii) To produce pest tolerant/resistant animals. 
(viii) To produce animals with high fecundity and fertility. (ix To produce animals with high growth rate. (x) To produce animals with good body conformation. (xi) To produce animals for work/racing/transportation/sport. (xii) To produce animals with early maturity/ puberty (xiii) To upgrade local breeds. 
(b) Signs that a Pregnant Animal is Approaching Parturition: 
(i) Relaxation of the pelvic ligament (ii) Distended abdomen (iii) Frequent urination (iv) Isolation from the herd (v) Nesting tendencies. (vi) Decrease in feed intake (vii) Increase in respiration rate (viii) Restlessness (ix) Discharge form the vulva 
(x) Enlarged and reddened valva (xi) Enlargement of the udder (xii) Some animals may exude milk if the teat is pressed (xiii) Unusual noise/ undue noise. (xiv) Aggressiveness (xv) Loss of appetite. 
(c) Disease causing Organisms in Livestock Production: 
(i) Virus (ii) Bacterium (iii) Protozoa (iv) Fungus (v) Rickettsia. 

(d)

Detalhes da Resposta

(a) (i) External parts of a cock

- toe/digits

- wings

- tail

- breast

- claw  

- wattle

- feathers

- comb

- nostril  

- beak

- eye

- earlobe/ear

- hock

- thigh

- neck

- leg/shank

- spur

(ii) Viral diseases a poultry

- Fowl pox

- Bird flu/avian influenza

- Newcastle disease

- Mareks

- Gumboro/infection us bursal disease Infectious bronchitis,

(b) Signs observed in a sick farm animal

- loss of appetite restlessness

- loss of weight/cm emaciation

- anaemia

- diarrhea/excessive stooling

- coughing/sneezing

- fever/ high body temperature gnashing of teeth

- stained urine

- undue noise

- alopecia/ loss of  air

- swollen skin/oedem

- sudden death/ coma vomiting,

- blood-stained faeces constipation

- standing hair/ rough feather/ droopy wings

- convulsion

- isolation from the flock nasal discharge

 - oozing of blood from natural openings/orifices

- ocular discharge

- excessive salivation

- difficulty of breathing

- inflammation of organs

- skin blister/ inflammations/reddened skin
- skin irritation
- weakness 
(C) Explanation of terms 
(i) Drenching
It is given using a certain dose of solution to an animal. 
 - It involves the use of drench bottles/drenching gun. 
- It is done to control endoparasites. 
(ii) Dipping
- The process of passing animals through chemical solution to remove ectoparasites 
- It is done when weather is fair. 
- Animals should not be thirsty and hungry before dipping. 
(d) Body systems in farm animals 
- circulatory system 
- digestive system 
- reproductive system/reproductory system 
- respiratory system 
- Muscular system 
- endocrine system nervous system 
- excretory system 
- lymphatic system 
- skeletal system 
- integumentary system 
 

Detalhes da Resposta

a(i). Explanation of malnutrition in animal husbandry. - Malnutrition is a condition caused by feeding animals a diet that is deficient in essential nutrients, -It is a condition resulting from feeding animals with a diet in excess of essential nutrients. - It could also occur when an animal cannot utilize nutrients in feed given, due to ill health, stress, or other factors, – It could occur when the right quantity of feed is not given to the animal. -Nutrients in the feed are not in the right proportions. (ii). Limiting ingredients that are not included in the diet. -Fibre source c.g. wheat offal, rice bran, maize offal, PKC. - Mineral- vitamin premix. -Common salt/table salt. -Toxin binder/detoxifier. - Vegetable oil/ palm oil- (iii). Importance of limiting ingredients - Fibre - Adds bulk to the feed. - Improves bowel movement. - Improves digestibility. - Reduces incidence of diarrhea in farm animals. -Minerals vitamin premix. -Useful in egg formation. - Improves immunity against disease. – Aids proper absorption of nutrients. – Used in bone formation -Common Salt- Improves palatability. - Promotes activities of enzymes. Supplies sodium and chlorine to the animal. -Increases feed intake. - Improves water intake. - Vegetable Oil/Palm oil -Reduce dustiness of feed. - Improve palatability/acceptability. Improve energy content of the feed.- Improve carotene or vitamin A content of feed. -Toxin Binder/detoxifier - Binds toxin in feed/ - Growth promoter. - Builds immunity. – Traps fungal pathogens.

b.Reasons for keeping farm records by a poultry farmer. - Shows the financial position of the farm. - Enables the farmer to know all the activities carried out on the farm. -For taking management decisions/planning. - For estimating annual tax. – Necessary in obtaining loans. - Helps to detect fraudulent practices on the farm. - Enables the farmer to detect changes in prices. – Used for computing farmer's net worth/farm inventory. - Serves as a requirement to receive awards/levies. -Aids appropriate budgeting. – For purpose of auditing. To assess productivity.

c.Ways of preventing liver fluke from completing its life cycle. - Periodic burning of pasture. - Use of clean, uncontaminated water. -Use of lime to prevent eggs from hatching/liming. Elimination of water snails by introducing docks, -Controls of weeds in ponds and riversides, - Avoid grazing animals on marshy areas. Ensure proper drainage of pasture lands.

Detalhes da Resposta

(a) Explanation of Terms:

(i) Flushing: -It is the act of giving extra nutritious feed to female animals (mostly pigs and small ruminants) before mating to enhance the release of more ova/to enhance multiple births.

(ii) Dystocia: - It is referred to as abnormal or difficult birth in farm animals occasioned by mal-presentation and abnormal positioning of foetus in the uterus. -It can also be caused by small pelvis of dam, large foetus, foetal abnormalities and uterine and vaginal rupture.

(iii) Parturition: -The act of giving birth in livestock which is influenced by hormones.

(b) Importance of Fencing in Livestock Production:

• Helps to control and handle animals.
• Protects animals from consuming crops sprayed with chemicals
• prevents animals from destroying crop farms.
• Protects animals from theft.
• Protects animals from predators.
• Helps to separate animals into groups.
• Helps to divide pasture into paddock.
• Helps to practice controlled grazing.

(c) Importance of Rearing Rabbits:

• Highly prolific/can produce many litters at a time.
• Can convert less quantity of feed to high quality products, e.g. forage/high feed efficiency.
• Small capital is needed for establishing rabbitry.
• Space requirement is minimal.
• Serves as companion animal/'pet.
• Breeding/mating is easy due to spontaneous ovulation.
• Used for research purposes/educational.
• Serves as a good source of animal protein/rabbit meat is white, tender and nutritious/food for humans.
• Have short gestation period.
• Source of income.
• Attain maturity weight early.
• Source of employment.

(d) Disadvantages of Deep

• Wastage of feed by birds is high.
• Cannibalism and egg pecking can occur.
• Eggs are prone to breakage
• Litter System of Rearing Poultry:
• Requires large quantity of litter which add to cost of production.
• Eggs are often dirty due to dirty litter.
• High spread of disease.
• Difficult to detect unproductive birds.
• High infestation of parasite.
• High ammonia build-up.
• Difficult to detect sick birds/weak birds.

Detalhes da Resposta

(a) Activities that could be Carried out in the Brooding of Chicks:

- Disinfect brooder house

- Remove chicks from transportation box.

- Inspect the chicks for fitness.

- Introduce heat source

- Observe the behaviour of birds in relation to heat and make adjustments.

- Change litter appropriately

- Provide feed adlibitum.

- Provide water adlibitum.

- Clean and wash drinkers and feeders

- Gradually increase the space available to chicks as they grow older.

- Administer appropriately vaccination and drugs.

- Provide adequate ventilation in the brooder house.

- Provide adequate illumination

- Inspect chicks regularly to remove dead ones.

- Separate/cull weak birds.

- Gradually decrease the temperature as birds grow older.

- Culling of chicks.

- Provide wood shavings/ spread wood shavings.

(b) Explanation of management practices in poultry production:

(i) Deworming:
- Use of drugs to eliminate endoparasite.
- lt is done at six weeks of age and repeated every three months.
- lt can be done through injection or oral administration.

(ii) Culling:
- Removal of unproductive unwanted birds from the flock either sale o disposal.
- Culled birds are never returned.

(iii) Debeaking:
- This is the partial cutting/trimming of the upper beak when the bird is 8-10 weeks old.
- lt is done with a debeaker /knife scalpel/blade.
- lt is done to prevent cannibalism and egg pecking
- lt is mostly useful in cocks and lavers.

(iv) Delousing:
- lt is the removal of lice from the body of birds.
- lt is dene b dusting or careful dipping of birds in insecticide or by oral administration or injection.

c) Signs of ill health in poultry:
- Reduced appetite/ feed intake.
- Emaciation loss of weight.
- Dul appearance of wattle and comb.
- Reduced egg production/productivity.
- Huddling of chicks
- Diarrhoea.
- Ruffled feathers.
- Occular discharge eye discharge.
- Difieult breathing.
- Drooping o wings.
- High temperature/fever.
- Discolouration of droppings.
- Swollen body e.g leg. head Excessive salivation.
-Isolation
 - Coma.
- Constipation.
- Anaemia.
- Twisted neck.
- Coughing.
- Restlessness.

(d) Organs in the circulatory system of farm animals:
- Heart Arteries blood vessels-Veins blood vessels.
- Capillaries blood vessels.