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Pergunta 1 Relatório
Which of the following is not an obligation of a citizen?
Detalhes da Resposta
Contesting an election is not an obligation of a citizen. It is a political right, not a duty. Citizens have the freedom to choose whether or not to run for political office - no one is compelled to contest an election. It remains entirely voluntary.
The other options listed are genuine civic obligations that citizens are expected to fulfil:
The distinction between rights and obligations is essential in government studies. Rights are entitlements that the state guarantees to citizens (such as the right to vote, freedom of speech, and the right to contest elections). Obligations are duties that citizens owe to the state (such as paying taxes, obeying laws, and defending the country). Contesting an election falls firmly in the category of rights, not obligations.
Pergunta 2 Relatório
Government can ascertain feedback on public policy through
Detalhes da Resposta
Government can ascertain feedback on public policy through public opinion. Public opinion refers to the collective views, attitudes, and beliefs held by the general population regarding government policies, political issues, and public affairs. It serves as a vital channel through which the government receives feedback on how its policies are perceived and whether they are meeting the needs of the citizenry.
Governments gauge public opinion through various means: opinion polls and surveys, public hearings, town hall meetings, media analysis, social media monitoring, petitions, protests, and the activities of pressure groups and civil society organisations. This feedback helps governments assess the effectiveness of their policies, identify areas of public concern, and make necessary adjustments.
The other options do not accurately describe the mechanism for receiving policy feedback. Mobilisation refers to organising people for a particular action or cause - it is an outward action by government or organisations, not a feedback mechanism. Electioneering refers to the campaign activities that precede an election - while elections reflect public sentiment, the campaigning process itself is not a feedback tool for existing policies. A political party is an organisation that seeks to gain political power - while parties may channel public views, the party itself is not the feedback mechanism; public opinion is.
Pergunta 3 Relatório
Party coalition is common in a
Detalhes da Resposta
A party coalition occurs when two or more political parties come together to form a government or to pursue shared political objectives. This is most commonly found in a multi-party system.
In a multi-party system, several political parties compete for power, and it is common for no single party to win an outright majority of seats in the legislature. When this happens, parties must negotiate and form coalitions to achieve a working majority. This coalition-building is a defining feature of multi-party democracies.
Coalitions are not characteristic of other party systems:
Countries like Israel, India, and Germany frequently demonstrate coalition politics because their multi-party systems make it difficult for any single party to secure a parliamentary majority on its own.
Pergunta 4 Relatório
An election that allows political parties to choose a flag bearer for general election is called
Detalhes da Resposta
In a democratic political system, political parties must select their candidates before a general election. The internal election conducted within a political party to choose its flag bearer (candidate) for a general election is called a party primary.
During a party primary, registered members of the party vote to determine who will represent the party in the upcoming general election. This process is distinct from other electoral concepts:
The key distinction is that a party primary is specifically an election within a single party, held before the general election, to determine who carries the party's flag into the general contest.
Pergunta 5 Relatório
A type of government defined by equal representation, credible elections and the sanctity of the ballot box is
Detalhes da Resposta
Democracy is the form of government characterised by equal representation, credible elections, and the sanctity of the ballot box. The word itself comes from the Greek demos (people) and kratos (rule), meaning government by the people.
In a democracy, citizens participate in governance either directly or through elected representatives. The defining features include:
An oligarchy is rule by a small, privileged group, not by the broad citizenry. An aristocracy is government by a hereditary nobility or elite class. Republicanism refers to a system where the head of state is elected rather than a hereditary monarch, but it does not by itself guarantee equal representation or credible elections. Democracy is the system that places all three principles at its core.
Pergunta 6 Relatório
Democracy is a system in which the
Detalhes da Resposta
Democracy is fundamentally defined as a system of government in which the majority rule. In a democratic system, decisions are made based on the will of the majority of the people, either directly (through referendums) or indirectly (through elected representatives). This principle is often expressed in Abraham Lincoln's formulation of democracy as "government of the people, by the people, for the people."
"Majority conquers" is incorrect because democracy is not about conquest or domination; the majority governs within a framework that also protects the rights of the minority. "Minority protest" describes an activity that may occur in a democracy but is not its defining feature. "Minority rule" is the opposite of democracy and is characteristic of systems like oligarchy or aristocracy.
It is important to note that while the majority rules in a democracy, this is tempered by the rule of law, constitutional protections, and respect for minority rights. The tyranny of the majority is guarded against by constitutional provisions.
Pergunta 7 Relatório
The detection, prevention and investigation of criminal activities in Nigeria is the primary responsibility of the
Detalhes da Resposta
In Nigeria, the institution primarily responsible for the detection, prevention, and investigation of criminal activities is the Nigeria Police Force (NPF). This mandate is established under Section 214 of the 1999 Constitution and the Police Act, which assigns the police the core duties of maintaining law and order, preventing and detecting crime, and apprehending offenders.
While the military may be called upon to assist in internal security during emergencies, its primary role is the defence of the nation against external aggression. Vigilante groups are informal, community-based bodies with no constitutional law-enforcement mandate. Citizens have a civic duty to report crime and assist law enforcement, but they do not bear the primary institutional responsibility for criminal investigation.
The police force is distinct because it is the only organ of the state specifically created and empowered by law to carry out routine criminal detection, prevention, and investigation across all parts of the federation.
Pergunta 8 Relatório
A type of constitution where the procedure for its amendment is enshrined in it is a
Detalhes da Resposta
A rigid constitution is one that has a special, formal amendment procedure explicitly laid down within the constitution itself. This procedure typically requires more than a simple majority of the legislature - it may demand a two-thirds or three-quarters supermajority, approval by a specified number of state legislatures, or a national referendum before any change can take effect.
The defining feature of a rigid constitution is that the process for altering it is deliberately made difficult and is prescribed within the document. The Nigerian Constitution, for example, is rigid: Section 9 specifies that amendments require approval by a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the National Assembly and ratification by at least two-thirds of all state Houses of Assembly.
A flexible constitution, by contrast, can be amended through the ordinary legislative process - no special procedure is required. An unwritten constitution is not codified in a single document and typically relies on conventions, statutes, and judicial precedents. A democratic constitution relates to the system of government rather than to the amendment procedure.
When a question refers to amendment procedures being "enshrined" in the constitution, it points directly to a rigid constitution, because that formality and specificity is what distinguishes it from other types.
Pergunta 9 Relatório
One major feature of Nigerian foreign policy is
Detalhes da Resposta
A major feature of Nigerian foreign policy, particularly from independence through the Cold War era, has been non-alignment with any of the power blocs. Nigeria adopted the principle of non-alignment, meaning it chose not to formally align itself with either the Western bloc (led by the United States and NATO) or the Eastern bloc (led by the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact).
This principle was rooted in the desire to maintain sovereignty and independence in foreign affairs, allowing Nigeria to engage with all nations on the basis of mutual respect and national interest rather than ideological loyalty to a superpower. Nigeria was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which brought together developing nations that wished to remain independent of the Cold War power struggle.
Other key features of Nigerian foreign policy include Africa as the centrepiece of its foreign policy, promotion of African unity, respect for territorial integrity and sovereign equality of all nations, peaceful settlement of disputes, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
The other options describe negative attributes that do not characterise Nigerian foreign policy as a formal principle.
Pergunta 10 Relatório
The main objectives of African Union is to
Detalhes da Resposta
The African Union (AU), which replaced the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 2002, was established with the central objective of promoting co-operation and economic development among its member states. The AU's Constitutive Act sets out goals that include accelerating political and socio-economic integration of the continent, promoting peace, security, and stability, promoting sustainable development, and fostering international cooperation.
The other options are either inaccurate or describe other organisations entirely. Regulating business transactions within the international community is more aligned with organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Overseeing the free flow of political engagement between Africa and developed nations does not accurately describe the AU's mandate - the AU focuses on intra-African cooperation. Settling disputes among South East Asian countries is the concern of ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations), not the African Union.
The AU currently has 55 member states encompassing the entire African continent and works toward continental unity, collective development, and the resolution of African challenges by Africans themselves.
Pergunta 11 Relatório
The determinants of a country's foreign policy are often influenced by
Detalhes da Resposta
A country's foreign policy is shaped by a range of determinants, but economic considerations are among the most influential. Nations formulate their external relations largely around trade interests, access to markets, investment opportunities, resource security, and the economic well-being of their citizens. Bilateral and multilateral agreements, membership of economic blocs (such as ECOWAS), and diplomatic relationships are frequently driven by economic goals.
While religious factors can occasionally influence diplomatic stances, they are not a primary or universal determinant of foreign policy. "Isolation ideologies" describes a narrow approach (isolationism) that only a few nations have adopted historically, and it is a policy choice rather than a general determinant. "Military power only" is too restrictive; although military capability is one factor, foreign policy is never determined by military strength alone.
Economic considerations encompass the broadest and most consistent set of factors that influence how states relate to one another on the international stage.
Pergunta 12 Relatório
The British company granted the charter to rule and administer the northern area before direct colonial rule was known as
Detalhes da Resposta
Before the establishment of direct British colonial rule in Nigeria, the British government used chartered companies to administer and trade in various parts of the territory. The company that was granted the royal charter to govern the northern area of present-day Nigeria was the Royal Niger Company.
The Royal Niger Company was originally established as the United African Company by Sir George Taubman Goldie in 1879 and later reorganised. In 1886, it received a royal charter from the British Crown, giving it the authority to administer the territories along the Niger River and its tributaries, particularly the northern regions. The company exercised governmental powers including the collection of taxes, administration of justice, and making of treaties with local rulers.
In 1900, the British government revoked the company's charter and assumed direct control, establishing the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria under Sir Frederick Lugard. The other options presented are fictitious company names that did not exist in Nigerian colonial history.
Pergunta 13 Relatório
The Casablanca group in the formation of the OAU was known as
Detalhes da Resposta
During the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in the early 1960s, African leaders were divided into two main ideological blocs regarding the approach to African unity. The Casablanca group was known for its radicalism.
The Casablanca group, which met in Casablanca, Morocco, in January 1961, advocated for an immediate political union of all African states into a single continental government. This radical position called for the rapid surrendering of national sovereignty in favour of a unified African federation. Key members included Ghana (under Kwame Nkrumah), Guinea (under Sekou Toure), Mali, Egypt (under Gamal Abdel Nasser), Morocco, Libya, and the Algerian Provisional Government.
The opposing Monrovia group, which included Nigeria, Liberia, and most Francophone African states, took a more moderate and gradualist approach. They preferred cooperation among sovereign states without sacrificing national sovereignty, favouring functional integration through economic and cultural ties rather than immediate political unification.
The OAU, established in Addis Ababa in May 1963, ultimately represented a compromise between these two positions, though its charter leaned more towards the Monrovia group's emphasis on sovereign equality and non-interference.
Pergunta 14 Relatório
Public corporations were established by an act of
Detalhes da Resposta
Public corporations are established by an act of parliament. The legislature passes a specific statute (an enabling act) that creates the corporation, defines its objectives, powers, structure, and the terms under which it operates. This legal foundation gives the corporation its authority and legitimacy as a public enterprise.
For example, in Nigeria, corporations like the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, the Nigeria Railway Corporation, and the Nigerian Ports Authority were each established through specific acts of the National Assembly (or its predecessors). The enabling act typically specifies the corporation's functions, composition of its governing board, sources of funding, and accountability mechanisms.
A memorandum of understanding is a type of agreement between parties but does not have the legal force to create a statutory body. The constitution establishes the fundamental framework of government but does not individually create public corporations. An executive order is an administrative directive from the head of the executive branch and is not the standard legal instrument for establishing public corporations in Nigeria's legal framework.
Pergunta 15 Relatório
The recruitment, promotion and discipline of civil servants is a key function of the
Detalhes da Resposta
The Federal Civil Service Commission is the body constitutionally responsible for the recruitment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants in Nigeria. This commission is established under the 1999 Constitution (as amended) to ensure that the civil service operates on the principles of merit, fairness, and professionalism.
The functions of the Federal Civil Service Commission include:
The other bodies mentioned serve different purposes:
Pergunta 16 Relatório
The authority of a leader derived from a constitution is
Detalhes da Resposta
The sociologist Max Weber classified authority into three types: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational. Authority derived from a constitution falls under legal-rational authority.
Legal-rational authority rests on established laws, rules, and procedures rather than on the personal qualities of a leader or inherited custom. A leader who governs under a constitution draws legitimacy from the legal framework that defines the office, its powers, and its limitations. The authority belongs to the office, not to the individual who occupies it.
Charismatic authority derives from the exceptional personal qualities, heroism, or persuasive ability of a leader. Traditional authority is based on long-standing customs, hereditary succession, and established practices (as seen in monarchies and chieftaincies). Delegated authority refers to powers transferred from a superior body to a subordinate one and does not describe a type of legitimacy in Weber's classification.
Constitutional governance is the clearest example of legal-rational authority, where leaders are bound by codified rules and can be held accountable through legal processes.
Pergunta 17 Relatório
Citizenship is best defined as a member of a state who is legally and constitutionally
Detalhes da Resposta
Citizenship is best defined as a member of a state who is legally and constitutionally recognised. A citizen is a person who has been formally acknowledged by the laws and constitution of a country as belonging to that state, thereby enjoying certain rights (such as the right to vote, right to hold public office, and right to a passport) while also bearing obligations (such as paying taxes and obeying the law).
The word "recognised" captures the essential legal relationship between a person and the state. Citizenship is conferred through specific legal mechanisms - birth (jus soli or jus sanguinis), registration, or naturalisation - and once a person is recognised as a citizen, the state acknowledges their membership and the rights that come with it.
The other options do not accurately complete the definition. "Established" implies setting something up or founding it, which does not describe the relationship between a citizen and the state. "Associated" suggests a loose or informal connection, which is too weak to describe the binding legal relationship of citizenship. "United" implies merging or joining together, which does not capture the nature of legal recognition that defines citizenship.
Pergunta 18 Relatório
The Commonwealth Games were last hosted by Nigeria in
Detalhes da Resposta
Nigeria has never hosted the Commonwealth Games. The Commonwealth Games are a major multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from Commonwealth nations, but all past editions have been hosted by other countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia, and Jamaica. No African country has hosted the Commonwealth Games to date.
Nigeria hosted the 8th All-Africa Games in Abuja in 2003, which is a different sporting event organised by the African Union Sports Council. Students sometimes confuse the two events. The year 2003 in the options may be a deliberate distractor referencing the All-Africa Games, but the question specifically asks about the Commonwealth Games, which Nigeria has not hosted.
Pergunta 19 Relatório
The longest and most expensive military transition programme in Nigeria was under
Detalhes da Resposta
The longest and most expensive military transition programme in Nigeria was conducted under General Ibrahim Babangida (IBB), who ruled from 1985 to 1993. His transition programme spanned approximately eight years and consumed enormous financial resources.
Babangida's transition programme involved multiple stages: the creation of two government-sponsored political parties (the Social Democratic Party and the National Republican Convention), local government elections, state elections, a Constituent Assembly, and ultimately a presidential election held on June 12, 1993. Despite the massive investment of time and money, Babangida annulled the June 12 election results, which were widely believed to have been won by Chief M.K.O. Abiola, plunging Nigeria into a political crisis.
By comparison, the Murtala/Obasanjo transition (1975-1979) lasted about four years and successfully handed over to a civilian government. Abdulsalami Abubakar's transition (1998-1999) was the shortest at less than one year. General Gowon's regime (1966-1975) had a transition promise but it was never implemented, leading to the coup that removed him.
Pergunta 20 Relatório
Written constitutions are always
Detalhes da Resposta
A written constitution is one whose provisions are formally set down in a single document or a small collection of documents adopted at a specific point in time. Because the framers intend its provisions to endure and not be altered casually, a written constitution almost always prescribes a special, more demanding amendment procedure, such as a two-thirds legislative majority, a national referendum, or ratification by a specified number of sub-national units.
This special amendment procedure is what makes a written constitution rigid. Rigidity in constitutional law does not mean the constitution can never change; it means the process for changing it is deliberately more difficult than the process for passing ordinary legislation.
By contrast, a flexible constitution can be amended through the same procedure used for ordinary laws, as in the United Kingdom, where Parliament can alter constitutional principles by a simple majority. The terms "pliable" and "flexible" both suggest easy amendment, but neither accurately describes the nature of a written constitution. A written constitution cannot be "unwritten" by definition.
The correct association is that written constitutions are always rigid because they require a special procedure to amend.
Pergunta 21 Relatório
Nigeria became a federation of nineteen states in
Detalhes da Resposta
Nigeria's federal structure has undergone several state-creation exercises since independence. The country became a federation of nineteen states in 1976, when the military government of General Murtala Mohammed reorganised the federation from the existing twelve states into nineteen.
The timeline of state creation in Nigeria is important to keep straight:
The answer is 1976, when the federation expanded from twelve to nineteen states under the Murtala Mohammed administration.
Pergunta 22 Relatório
The essence of the doctrine of separation of powers is to prevent
Detalhes da Resposta
The doctrine of separation of powers divides governmental authority among three distinct branches: the legislature (which makes laws), the executive (which implements laws), and the judiciary (which interprets laws). Each branch operates independently within its sphere, and no single branch is permitted to exercise the powers belonging to another.
The central purpose of this arrangement is to prevent the abuse of powers. When all governmental power is concentrated in one person or body, there is a high risk of tyranny and arbitrary rule. By distributing powers across three branches and establishing a system of checks and balances, the doctrine ensures that each branch can restrain the others from exceeding their constitutional authority.
Independence of the judiciary is a result of separation of powers, not its core purpose. Financial independence is not directly addressed by the doctrine. "Friction of powers" is not a recognised political concept in this context. The overarching goal is safeguarding citizens from the concentration and misuse of governmental power.
Pergunta 23 Relatório
Nigeria was a member of
Detalhes da Resposta
Nigeria is a member of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Nigeria joined OPEC in July 1971, having become a significant crude oil producer. OPEC is an intergovernmental organisation of oil-exporting nations that coordinates and unifies petroleum policies among its member countries to ensure stable oil markets and fair prices.
The other options are organisations Nigeria does not belong to:
Nigeria's OPEC membership reflects its status as one of Africa's largest oil producers and gives it a voice in global petroleum pricing and production decisions.
Pergunta 24 Relatório
Sovereignty refers to the
Detalhes da Resposta
Sovereignty refers to the supreme power and authority of a state over its own affairs. It means that a state has the final and absolute authority to make and enforce laws within its territory (internal sovereignty) and to conduct its relations with other states without being subject to the control of any external power (external sovereignty).
This concept is central to the definition of a modern state. Internal sovereignty means the state has the highest authority over all individuals and institutions within its borders. External sovereignty means the state is independent and equal in status to other states in the international community, free from external interference in its domestic affairs.
The option referring to using force to enforce obedience describes coercion, which is only one instrument a sovereign state may use, not the definition of sovereignty itself. Negotiating with other states describes diplomacy, a function of sovereignty but not its meaning. Governing other nations describes imperialism or colonialism, which is the opposite of respecting other states' sovereignty.
Pergunta 25 Relatório
A sovereign state is one
Detalhes da Resposta
Sovereignty refers to the supreme and absolute authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. A sovereign state is one that possesses the final decision-making power over its territory and people, free from the control or direction of any foreign power.
The defining feature of a sovereign state is the independence of its government decisions. This means the state can formulate and implement domestic and foreign policies on its own terms, without being subject to the dictates of another state or external authority. Sovereignty does not require that power reside in the military, nor is it defined by freedom of speech (which is a civil liberty, not a component of sovereignty). Similarly, a constitution that can only be changed by the military describes a military dictatorship, not sovereignty itself.
The correct answer is that a sovereign state is one whose government decisions are made independent, because sovereignty fundamentally means self-governance and autonomous decision-making authority.
Pergunta 26 Relatório
One of the functions of Public Corporation is to
Detalhes da Resposta
A public corporation (also called a public enterprise or parastatal) is a government-owned organisation established by an Act of Parliament or decree to provide essential services to the public. Examples include power supply (e.g. PHCN), water supply, postal services, and transportation corporations. The primary purpose of establishing public corporations is to ensure that vital services are available to citizens, particularly where private enterprise may not provide them efficiently or equitably.
While public corporations may indirectly contribute to preventing exploitation (by offering services at controlled prices) or promoting equality (by extending services to underserved areas), these are not their primary defined functions. Their core mandate is the provision of essential services that are critical to national development and public welfare.
Entertaining public complaints is a function more closely associated with the Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman), not public corporations. This is a common source of confusion in examinations - the Public Complaints Commission and public corporations are distinct bodies with different mandates.
Pergunta 27 Relatório
The NPN presidential candidate in the Second Republic was
Detalhes da Resposta
The National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was one of the major political parties in Nigeria's Second Republic (1979-1983). Its presidential candidate was Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who won the 1979 presidential election and became the first executive President of Nigeria under the 1979 Constitution.
Shehu Shagari won a contested election against candidates from other major parties. He secured victory in a result that was controversially upheld by the Supreme Court, particularly regarding whether he had met the constitutional requirement of winning at least one-quarter of the votes in two-thirds of the then 19 states.
The other candidates mentioned ran under different parties:
Pergunta 28 Relatório
The African Union came into existence in 2002 when it replaced the
Detalhes da Resposta
The African Union (AU) came into existence on July 9, 2002, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The OAU had been established in 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with the primary aims of promoting unity and solidarity among African states, eradicating colonialism, and defending the sovereignty of its member states.
By the late 1990s, African leaders recognised the need for a more effective continental body that could address the challenges of the post-Cold War era, including conflict resolution, economic integration, and governance. The Constitutive Act of the African Union was adopted in 2000 at the Lome Summit (Togo) and came into force in 2001. The AU was formally launched in Durban, South Africa, in July 2002.
The African Development Bank (AfDB) is a financial institution that continues to exist alongside the AU. "Federation of African Unity" and "Organisation of African Community" are not real organisations. The OAU is the only body that the AU replaced.
Pergunta 29 Relatório
A permanent structure that facilitates continuity in governance is the
Detalhes da Resposta
The civil service is the permanent administrative arm of government made up of career officials (civil servants) who implement government policies and keep the machinery of governance running. Unlike political office holders - such as presidents, governors, and ministers - who come and go with each election cycle, civil servants remain in their positions regardless of changes in government.
This permanence is what makes the civil service the structure that facilitates continuity in governance. When a new government takes over, the civil service ensures that ongoing programmes, institutional memory, and day-to-day administration continue without disruption.
The other options do not satisfy this requirement:
Pergunta 30 Relatório
The Babangida transition programme to civil rule officially started in
Detalhes da Resposta
General Ibrahim Babangida seized power through a military coup on 27 August 1985. His administration subsequently launched a transition programme to return Nigeria to civilian rule. This transition programme officially started in 1987 with the establishment of the Political Bureau, which was tasked with consulting Nigerians on the appropriate political framework for the country.
Key milestones in the Babangida transition programme included:
Note that 1985 was when Babangida took power (not when the transition started), and 1983 was when the Buhari regime came to power. The transition programme itself was formally launched in 1987.
Pergunta 31 Relatório
A bicameral legislature is made up of
Detalhes da Resposta
A bicameral legislature is made up of two chambers. The prefix "bi-" means two, and "camera" is Latin for chamber. Therefore, bicameral literally means "two chambers."
In a bicameral legislature, the law-making body is divided into two separate houses, each with its own membership, procedures, and often distinct functions. In Nigeria, the National Assembly is bicameral, consisting of the Senate (upper chamber, with 109 members) and the House of Representatives (lower chamber, with 360 members). Other examples include the United Kingdom Parliament (House of Lords and House of Commons) and the United States Congress (Senate and House of Representatives).
The rationale for bicameralism includes providing a system of checks within the legislature, ensuring broader representation (geographic and population-based), allowing for more thorough deliberation of legislation, and preventing hasty law-making.
A legislature with one chamber is called unicameral ("uni-" meaning one). There are no standard terms for three-chamber or four-chamber legislatures, as such arrangements do not exist in modern governance.
Pergunta 32 Relatório
One of the gains of the nationalist struggles in Nigeria was
Detalhes da Resposta
The nationalist struggles in Nigeria, spanning roughly the 1920s to 1960, produced several concrete political gains. One of the most significant was the formation of political parties. Nationalist leaders recognised that organised political platforms were essential to challenge colonial rule and negotiate constitutional advances.
Key parties that emerged from the movement include the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP, 1923), the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC, 1944), the Action Group (AG, 1951), and the Northern People's Congress (NPC, 1951). These parties gave Nigerians a formal vehicle for articulating demands, contesting elections introduced under successive colonial constitutions, and building the institutional framework for self-government.
The return of ex-servicemen after World War II was a catalyst for nationalism, not a gain of it. The independence of Ghana (1957) was an achievement of Ghanaian nationalism, not Nigerian. Problems of regionalism were a negative consequence of how politics developed, not a gain. Of the options given, the formation of political parties is the recognised positive outcome of Nigerian nationalist struggles.
Pergunta 33 Relatório
The primary function of the judiciary is to
Detalhes da Resposta
The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws. The judiciary examines the meaning, scope, and application of legislation passed by the legislature and determines how those laws apply to specific cases. This includes deciding disputes between individuals, between individuals and the state, and between different levels or arms of government.
Maintaining law and order is primarily the function of the executive arm (through agencies like the police). Making laws is the function of the legislature (the National Assembly in Nigeria). Enforcing laws is also an executive responsibility. While judicial decisions help shape law through precedent and judicial review, the defining and primary role of the judiciary is interpretation rather than creation or enforcement of law.
In Nigeria, the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, acts as the guardian of the constitution by interpreting its provisions and ensuring that the actions of the other arms of government conform to constitutional requirements.
Pergunta 34 Relatório
A law made by local government and public corporation and empowered by an Act of Parliament is
Detalhes da Resposta
A law made by local government authorities or public corporations under the authority granted to them by an Act of Parliament is called a bye-law (also spelt by-law).
Bye-laws are a form of delegated or subsidiary legislation. Parliament passes an enabling Act that grants specific bodies - such as local government councils and public corporations - the power to make rules and regulations within their areas of jurisdiction. These bye-laws deal with local matters such as sanitation, market regulations, traffic management, building codes, and other issues that affect the specific locality or organisation.
The other options represent different legal concepts:
The key feature of bye-laws is that they derive their authority from a parent Act of Parliament and operate only within the limited area or domain of the body that made them.
Pergunta 35 Relatório
A community that cooperates and harnesses its resources together is said to be practising
Detalhes da Resposta
Communalism is a traditional system of social organisation in which members of a community cooperate, pool their resources, and work together for the common good of the group. Under communalism, land and other productive resources are often held collectively, and the fruits of communal labour are shared among community members.
This system was widely practised in pre-colonial African societies, where the extended family or village community worked together on farming, building, and other tasks. The emphasis is on collective ownership, mutual aid, and shared responsibility rather than individual accumulation of wealth.
The other options describe different economic or political ideologies:
The distinguishing feature of communalism is its voluntary, community-level cooperation without state control - unlike communism or socialism, which operate at the national or state level.
Pergunta 36 Relatório
Laws made by the local government, public corporations and ministries is a
Detalhes da Resposta
Laws made by subordinate bodies such as local governments, public corporations, and ministries are called bye-laws (also spelled "by-laws"). These are a form of delegated or subsidiary legislation, meaning they are rules made by bodies that have been given the authority to do so by the legislature through an enabling act.
Local government councils pass bye-laws to regulate matters within their area of jurisdiction, such as sanitation, market operations, building codes, and local taxes. Public corporations and ministries may also issue bye-laws or regulations governing their internal operations and the conduct of those who interact with them.
Decrees are laws made by a military government and do not apply to the bodies mentioned in the question. "Public laws" is a broad term referring to laws enacted by the national legislature that apply to the general public. "Enactments" is a general term for laws passed by a legislature. Bye-laws is the specific and correct term for rules made by local authorities and other subordinate bodies under delegated legislative authority.
Pergunta 37 Relatório
When a pressure group is made up of people of the same profession, it is called
Detalhes da Resposta
Pressure groups are classified into different types based on their membership composition, objectives, and organisational structure. When a pressure group is made up of people who share the same profession or occupation, it is called an occupational group (also referred to as a professional or occupational pressure group).
An occupational group brings together individuals from the same profession to advance their collective professional interests. Examples include the Nigerian Bar Association (lawyers), the Nigerian Medical Association (doctors), the Academic Staff Union of Universities (university lecturers), and the Nigeria Union of Teachers (teachers). These groups primarily seek to protect the welfare, working conditions, and professional standards of their members.
The other types of pressure groups differ in important ways:
Pergunta 38 Relatório
Which of these is a professional pressure group in Nigeria?
Detalhes da Resposta
A professional pressure group is an interest group made up of members who share a common profession and who organise to protect and advance the interests of that profession. The Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT) is a professional pressure group because its membership is restricted to people in the teaching profession, and it advocates for better conditions of service, welfare, and professional standards for teachers.
The other options represent different types of interest groups:
The key distinction is that a professional pressure group draws its membership from a single, defined profession - just as the Nigerian Bar Association represents lawyers and the Nigerian Medical Association represents doctors.
Pergunta 39 Relatório
To ensure political neutrality of civil service, members must
Detalhes da Resposta
To ensure the political neutrality of the civil service, its members must abstain from party politics. This is one of the fundamental principles governing civil service conduct. Civil servants are expected to serve the government of the day loyally and impartially, regardless of which political party is in power. If civil servants were allowed to engage in partisan political activities, they could use their positions to favour one party over another, undermining public trust and the impartial delivery of government services.
In Nigeria and most democratic systems, civil servants are prohibited from holding political office, campaigning for political parties, or publicly expressing partisan views while in service. This ensures continuity and professionalism in governance even when governments change after elections.
Working without pay, engaging in bribery, and controlling the minister are not principles of the civil service. In fact, bribery and corruption are offences that violate civil service rules, while the minister (a political appointee) directs the ministry, not the other way around.
Pergunta 40 Relatório
The application of the rule of law can be hindered by
Detalhes da Resposta
The rule of law is the principle that every person, regardless of status or position, is subject to and accountable under the law. However, there are recognised exceptions that hinder its full application. One of the most significant is diplomatic immunity.
Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law that exempts foreign diplomats and their families from the jurisdiction of the courts in the country where they serve. Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), diplomats cannot be arrested, detained, or prosecuted by the host country's legal system, even if they commit offences. This creates a situation where certain individuals are effectively above the domestic law, directly contradicting the principle that the law applies equally to everyone.
The other options do not constitute recognised hindrances to the rule of law:
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