The Nucleus
Overzicht
An atom is almost entirely empty space, with nearly all its mass packed into a tiny central nucleus. That surprising picture was forced on physicists by a famous experiment in which a few alpha particles bounced straight back off a thin gold foil, and it is the model we still use today.
In this lesson you will learn the structure of the atom, how ions form, the meaning of proton number and nucleon number, what an isotope is, and how the alpha-scattering experiment supports the nuclear model. You will also meet nuclear fission and fusion, the splitting and joining of nuclei.
Doelstellingen
- Describe the structure of an atom in terms of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons in orbit around the nucleus
- Know how atoms may form positive ions by losing electrons or form negative ions by gaining electrons
- Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons
- State the relative charges of protons, neutrons and electrons as +1, 0 and –1 respectively
- Define the terms proton number (atomic number) Z and nucleon number (mass number) A and be able to calculate the number of neutrons in a nucleus
- Explain what is meant by an isotope and state that an element may have more than one isotope
- [Supplement] Describe how the scattering of alpha (α) particles by a sheet of thin metal supports the nuclear model of the atom, by providing evidence for: (a) a very small nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space (b) a nucleus containing most of the mass of the atom (c) a nucleus that is positively charged
- [Supplement] Describe the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as the splitting or joining of nuclei, to include the nuclide equation and qualitative description of mass and energy changes without values
- [Supplement] Know the relationship between the proton number and the relative charge on a nucleus
- [Supplement] Know the relationship between the nucleon number and the relative mass of a nucleus
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Lesevaluatie
Gefeliciteerd met het voltooien van de les op The Nucleus. Nu je de sleutelconcepten en ideeën, het is tijd om uw kennis op de proef te stellen. Deze sectie biedt een verscheidenheid aan oefeningen vragen die bedoeld zijn om uw begrip te vergroten en u te helpen uw begrip van de stof te peilen.
Je zult een mix van vraagtypen tegenkomen, waaronder meerkeuzevragen, korte antwoordvragen en essayvragen. Elke vraag is zorgvuldig samengesteld om verschillende aspecten van je kennis en kritisch denkvermogen te beoordelen.
Gebruik dit evaluatiegedeelte als een kans om je begrip van het onderwerp te versterken en om gebieden te identificeren waar je mogelijk extra studie nodig hebt. Laat je niet ontmoedigen door eventuele uitdagingen die je tegenkomt; beschouw ze in plaats daarvan als kansen voor groei en verbetering.
- The nucleus of an atom contains: A. protons and electrons B. protons and neutrons C. neutrons and electrons D. electrons only Answer: B
- An atom has A = 23 and Z = 11. Its number of neutrons is: A. 11 B. 12 C. 23 D. 34 Answer: B
- Isotopes of an element have the same number of: A. neutrons B. nucleons C. protons D. nothing Answer: C
- In alpha scattering, most alpha particles pass straight through the foil because: A. the atom is mostly empty space B. the nucleus is large C. atoms have no charge D. the foil is thick Answer: A
- An atom becomes a positive ion when it: A. gains electrons B. loses electrons C. gains protons D. loses neutrons Answer: B
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Aanbevolen Boeken
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Leerboekparagraaf
Evolution of Atomic Theory
Outline milestones in the development of modern atomic theory
"Chemistry: Evolution of Atomic Theory" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/2-2-evolution-of-atomic-theory. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Leerboekparagraaf
Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Write and interpret symbols that depict the atomic number, mass number, and charge of an atom or ion
"Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Symbolism" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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