Covalent Bonding
Overzicht
Most of the substances you encounter every day, from the water you drink to the plastic in your phone case, are held together by covalent bonds. Unlike ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred, covalent bonding involves atoms sharing pairs of electrons so that each atom achieves a stable outer shell.
In this lesson you will learn how covalent bonds form, practise drawing dot-and-cross diagrams for key molecules, and explore why simple molecular substances have low melting points while giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite are among the hardest materials on Earth. These concepts appear regularly on both Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Doelstellingen
- Know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the sharing of a pair of electrons
- Understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions
- Understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonds in diatomic, inorganic and organic molecules
- Explain why substances with simple molecular structures are gases or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points
- Explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple molecular structures increase with increasing relative molecular mass
- Explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with high melting and boiling points
- Explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene influence their physical properties
- Know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity
Mindmap
Dit onderwerp is in kaart gebracht zodat je ziet hoe de ideeen samenhangen.
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Flashcards
Snelle geheugentraining op wat bij dit onderwerp getoetst wordt.
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Lesnotitie
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Lesevaluatie
Gefeliciteerd met het voltooien van de les op Covalent Bonding. Nu je de sleutelconcepten en ideeën, het is tijd om uw kennis op de proef te stellen. Deze sectie biedt een verscheidenheid aan oefeningen vragen die bedoeld zijn om uw begrip te vergroten en u te helpen uw begrip van de stof te peilen.
Je zult een mix van vraagtypen tegenkomen, waaronder meerkeuzevragen, korte antwoordvragen en essayvragen. Elke vraag is zorgvuldig samengesteld om verschillende aspecten van je kennis en kritisch denkvermogen te beoordelen.
Gebruik dit evaluatiegedeelte als een kans om je begrip van het onderwerp te versterken en om gebieden te identificeren waar je mogelijk extra studie nodig hebt. Laat je niet ontmoedigen door eventuele uitdagingen die je tegenkomt; beschouw ze in plaats daarvan als kansen voor groei en verbetering.
- What is a covalent bond? A) A bond formed by transferring electrons from a metal to a non-metal B) A bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms C) A bond formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions D) A bond formed by delocalised electrons in a metal Answer: B
- How many covalent bonds does a carbon atom typically form? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: D
- Which substance has a giant covalent structure? A) Water B) Carbon dioxide C) Diamond D) Hydrogen chloride Answer: C
- Why do simple molecular substances have low boiling points? A) Their covalent bonds are weak B) Their intermolecular forces are weak C) They contain ions that separate easily D) They have delocalised electrons Answer: B
- Which allotrope of carbon can conduct electricity? A) Diamond B) Graphite C) Both diamond and graphite D) Neither diamond nor graphite Answer: B
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Verder leren met open bronnen
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Leerboekparagraaf
Lewis Symbols and Structures
Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions
"Chemistry: Lewis Symbols and Structures" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Leerboekparagraaf
The Solid State of Matter
Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids
"Chemistry: The Solid State of Matter" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/10-5-the-solid-state-of-matter. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
Gepubliceerd door andere organisaties onder open licenties, vermeld zoals zij vragen. Links openen hun websites.
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