JAMB UTME - Government - 2022

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In the real sense, there are 54 sovereign African countries and two disputed areas, namely Somaliland (autonomous region of Somalia) and Western Sahara (occupied by Morocco and claimed by the Polisario).

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One of the reasons advanced for the overthrow of the Gowon Regime was its failure to honour the promise to hand over power.

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The Secretary General of the League of Nations was Joseph Avenol. The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations. It was in existence from 1920 to 1946. Joseph Avenol was the Secretary General of the League of Nations from 1933 to 1940. He was responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the organization and working to achieve its goals.

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A unitary system of government is a system where power is centralized and the national government holds most of the governing power. In such a system, the national government has the authority to delegate powers to local or regional governments, but it can also withdraw them if necessary. Regarding which type of state is best suited for a unitary system of government, a homogeneous state is often considered the best fit. This is because a homogeneous state is one in which the population shares a common language, culture, and identity. In such a state, there is often greater unity and less likelihood of conflict between different groups or regions. In a multi-party state, where different political parties have varying levels of power and influence, a unitary system of government may lead to a concentration of power in the hands of the ruling party, which could potentially lead to political instability and conflict. In a heterogeneous state, where different regions or ethnic groups have distinct identities and cultures, a unitary system of government could lead to tension between the national government and local or regional governments. This tension could arise from the national government's attempts to impose policies and regulations that do not reflect the needs or preferences of certain regions or groups. Finally, the type of legislature (unicameral or bicameral) is not a determining factor in whether a unitary system of government is best applicable. The decision to have a unicameral or bicameral legislature is a separate issue that is not directly related to the unitary system of government.

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The oversight function is performed by the legislature. This means that the responsibility for checking and monitoring the actions of the executive branch of government, such as the President or Prime Minister, is the duty of the legislative branch, which is typically composed of elected representatives. The oversight function helps to ensure that the executive branch is acting in accordance with the law and in the best interests of the citizens. This includes monitoring the allocation of funds, the implementation of policies, and the conduct of government officials. The legislative branch can use a variety of tools to carry out its oversight function, including holding hearings, conducting investigations, and requesting information and reports from the executive branch. Ultimately, the oversight function serves as a crucial check and balance on the power of the executive branch, helping to maintain the democratic principles of transparency and accountability.

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The system of government where a single person or a group has unlimited power is called autocracy. In this type of government, the ruler(s) can make laws and decisions without any checks or balances from other branches or individuals. This means that the ruler(s) can do whatever they want, without needing approval or input from anyone else. Examples of autocratic systems include absolute monarchies and dictatorships.

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The highest authority in the Yoruba pre-colonial era was the Oba. The Oba was the king and ruler of a Yoruba kingdom. He was considered to be divine and had supreme authority over the people. He was responsible for maintaining law and order, settling disputes, protecting his people, and promoting their welfare. The Oba was assisted by a council of chiefs and advisors who helped him to govern the kingdom. The Oba was also responsible for religious and spiritual matters and was considered to be the intermediary between the people and the gods. Overall, the Oba was the most important and powerful figure in Yoruba society.

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Nigeria is a major financier of the African Development Bank (AfDB). The African Development Bank is a regional development bank that provides financing and other forms of support to African countries. It was established in 1964 and has its headquarters in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. The AfDB is dedicated to promoting economic and social development in Africa and reducing poverty on the continent. Nigeria is one of the founding members of the AfDB and has been a significant contributor to the bank's resources since its inception. As of 2021, Nigeria is the AfDB's largest shareholder, with a 9.3% stake in the bank. This means that Nigeria has a significant say in the bank's decision-making processes, including the allocation of funds for development projects in Africa. While Nigeria is also a member of other international organizations like the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the United Nations Organization (UNO), and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), it is not a major financier of these organizations in the same way that it is of the AfDB.

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The Family Group is one of the most recognized institutions in pre-colonial Igbo society as the basic unit of every political institution. It comprises people of the same family. Not only that, each family group was autonomously headed by the title holder called ‘OKPARA’. The Okpara controls the family and judges any family disputes. He performs ritual and ceremonial functions on behalf of the family.

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The leaders who spearheaded the transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union are from Nigeria, Libya, and South Africa.

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The Judicial Service Commission is vested with the power to recommend suitable persons for appointment to the position of Chief Justice of Nigeria. The Chief Justice of Nigeria is the head of the Nigerian judiciary and the highest judicial officer in the country. The Judicial Service Commission is responsible for identifying and recommending individuals who have the necessary qualifications and experience to serve in this important role. Once the commission makes a recommendation, the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is responsible for appointing the individual as Chief Justice of Nigeria.

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The Nigerian Youth Movement collapsed as a result of the breakup of its leadership. The movement, which was one of the first nationalist organizations in Nigeria, was founded in 1934 to promote the interests of Nigerian youths and advocate for self-rule. However, the movement was plagued by internal divisions and struggles for power, particularly between the older and younger generations of leaders. These divisions eventually led to the breakup of the movement, which was unable to maintain its unity and effectiveness as a political force. While government harassment and funding shortages may have also contributed to the movement's decline, it was primarily the internal divisions and leadership struggles that caused the collapse of the Nigerian Youth Movement.

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A major consequence of the privatization exercise in Nigeria is the mass retrenchment of labour. Privatization refers to the transfer of ownership and control of government-owned enterprises to private individuals or companies. In Nigeria, the privatization exercise began in the 1980s but was intensified in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the aim of improving the efficiency and competitiveness of state-owned enterprises. However, one of the consequences of the privatization exercise was the mass retrenchment of workers in the affected enterprises. This was because the new owners of the privatized companies often saw the need to cut costs and improve efficiency, and one way to do this was to reduce the workforce. The retrenchment exercise affected thousands of workers in various sectors, including telecommunications, banking, and manufacturing. This led to a significant increase in the rate of unemployment in the country and a decline in the standard of living for many families. While privatization may have some benefits, such as improving the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, it is important to consider the social consequences, such as the impact on workers and their families, and to put measures in place to mitigate these consequences.

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One of the legacies of pre-colonial Nigeria that was destroyed by the British was the indigenous culture of the people. The British colonial authorities often imposed their own cultural values and practices on the people of Nigeria, leading to the erosion and suppression of traditional customs, beliefs, and practices. This had a significant impact on the cultural identity of the Nigerian people, as well as their social, economic, and political institutions. While the other options listed may also have been impacted by colonialism, the destruction of indigenous culture had far-reaching consequences that continue to be felt today.

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Nigeria's relation with black political communities outside Africa is built on perceived cultural affinities and shared political aspirations.

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Africa became the centerpiece of Nigeria's foreign policy under the regime of Murtala Muhammed.

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A special election organized to decide on a political issue is known as a: - Plebiscite. Therefore, the correct answer is: plebiscite. For reference, here are the definitions of the other terms mentioned: - By-election: an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections. - General election: a regular election in which all or most members of a given political body are chosen. - Primary election: an election held to choose a political party's candidate for a particular office.

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There are several factors that can hinder the operations of a pressure group. 1. Poor leadership: If the leaders of the pressure group are not effective or lack the necessary skills, it can negatively impact the group's ability to achieve its goals. 2. General observation: The general public's view of the pressure group can also play a role in its success. If the group is not seen as credible or relevant, it may struggle to gain support and influence decisions. 3. Membership drive: The size and dedication of the group's membership base can also impact its effectiveness. If the group has a small membership base or if members are not actively engaged, it may struggle to exert significant pressure on decision-makers. 4. Spiritual forces: While spiritual beliefs and practices can provide motivation and support for individuals, they are unlikely to have a direct impact on the operations of a pressure group.

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During the Second Republic in Nigeria, the branch of the legislature responsible for ratifying presidential nominees for appointments was the Senate.

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The political system built around land ownership is called feudalism. In feudalism, the king or ruler granted land to lords, who in turn granted smaller pieces of land to vassals or peasants. The vassals were bound to serve their lords and provide them with military service, while the lords provided them with protection and a place to live. This system was prevalent in medieval Europe and was characterized by a rigid social hierarchy based on land ownership and military service.

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Political parties, suppressed by the military government, were allowed to form in July 1998. Three parties were registered by the Provisional Ruling Council for participation in local, state and national elections: the All People's Party or APP led by Mahmud Waziri; the People's Democratic Party or PDP led by Soloman Lar; and the Alliance for Democracy or AD, led by Ayo Adebanjo.

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Under the independence constitution of Nigeria, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was the Governor General.

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A policy formulated to guide relations with other nations is called foreign policy. Foreign policy refers to a set of principles, strategies, and actions that a country adopts to safeguard its national interests, promote its values, and manage its relations with other countries. Foreign policy is an essential aspect of a country's international relations because it allows a country to navigate the complex global landscape, build alliances, and influence other countries. It covers various areas, such as economic cooperation, security and defense, diplomacy, humanitarian aid, and cultural exchanges. A country's foreign policy is usually formulated by its government and is influenced by factors such as its geography, history, culture, ideology, and economic interests. It is also subject to change depending on the country's changing priorities, relationships with other countries, and global events. Overall, foreign policy is a crucial tool for a country to promote its interests and values in the international community and to advance its national goals.

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The French colonial policy aimed at changing Africans into French men was the policy of "assimilation". This policy aimed to make the colonial subjects, in this case the Africans, adopt French culture and values and become fully integrated into French society. The idea was that the Africans would become "French" in every aspect, including language, religion, customs, and laws. The goal was to create a sense of unity and common identity between the colonial subjects and the colonial power, and to establish a strong French presence in the colonies. The policy of assimilation was implemented in various forms throughout the French colonial empire and had a lasting impact on the cultures and identities of the people who lived under French rule.

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Before the emergence of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) as a regional body, Nigeria belonged to the Monrovia Group. The Monrovia Group was a group of African countries that advocated for a more politically and economically integrated Africa. The group was named after the capital of Liberia, Monrovia, where the group was formed in 1965. The Monrovia Group was one of two main regional groups in Africa at the time, the other being the Casablanca Group, which advocated for a more socialist and economically independent Africa.

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During the Babangida regime in Nigeria, the highest body that performed legislative functions was the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC). This council was composed of high-ranking military officers who made major decisions regarding governance, legislation, and policies in the country. It was the supreme decision-making body during the Babangida regime and had the power to pass laws and make important policy decisions for the country. The Council of Ministers, on the other hand, was responsible for implementing these policies and decisions made by the AFRC.

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The absence of an independent judiciary is a feature of an oligarchy system. An oligarchy is a form of government in which power is held by a small group of people, often the wealthy elite. In such a system, the judiciary is not independent, meaning that it is not separate from the other branches of government and is not impartial. Instead, it may be influenced by the powerful individuals who control the government, making it more difficult to ensure that justice is served impartially. This can lead to unequal treatment under the law and a lack of accountability for those in power.

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The Arthur Richards Constitution was designed to last for nine years.
Richard constitution of 1946 replaced the Clifford constitution of 1922. it was due to the weakness of Clifford constitution that made the Nigerian nationalists to bring pressure on Sir Bernard Boudillon, the then governor of Nigeria (1935-1943) to give them a new constitution.
It was then Sir Bernard Boudillon who split Nigeria into northern, eastern and western regions in 1939. He also made other proposals which seemed to be very useful. But Boudillon's constitution never saw the light of the day due to outbreak of the second world war. It was the proposals of Bernard Boudillon that formed the basis of Sir Arthur Richard's constitution of 1946 which came into force on January 1st 1947.

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A recurring principal objective of Nigerian foreign policy is promoting world peace with justice. Nigeria's foreign policy is centered on the promotion of peace and security in Africa and the world at large. Nigeria seeks to maintain good diplomatic relationships with other countries and organizations around the world, and to actively participate in international efforts to promote peace and stability. Nigeria has played a significant role in peacekeeping missions around the world, especially in Africa. The country has also been active in resolving conflicts and promoting peace in various African countries, such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Sudan. In summary, the key objective of Nigerian foreign policy is to contribute to global peace and security, and to promote justice and fairness in international relations.

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The constitutional requirement for the registration of political parties in Nigeria is that the party must have a national spread, which means that it must have members and offices in at least two-thirds (24) of the 36 states in the country, and in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja. This is to ensure that political parties have a wide enough support base and are not limited to one or a few regions of the country. In addition to this, the party must also have a constitution that complies with the provisions of the Nigerian Constitution and the Electoral Act, and it must meet other requirements such as paying a registration fee and submitting necessary documentation to the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).