JAMB UTME - Geography - 1998

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Dolomite and gypsum are an example of chemically formed sedimentary rocks. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks are formed from dissolved minerals that have precipitated out of water. In the case of dolomite, it is formed from the chemical reaction between calcium magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Gypsum, on the other hand, is formed from the evaporation of seawater and the subsequent precipitation of calcium sulfate. Sandstone and grit are formed from the accumulation of sediment grains, while peat and coal are formed from the accumulation of organic matter. Flint and shale are formed from the hardening and cementation of sedimentary particles.

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This statement is true of Gao. The statement says that there is rainfall between June to September and the daily maximum temperatures are consistently over 37°C during this period. This pattern of climate is known as a tropical wet and dry climate or savanna climate. Algiers, the capital city of Algeria, has a Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Bujubura, the capital city of Burundi, has a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, has a semi-arid climate with very little rainfall throughout the year. Therefore, the only option that matches the climate pattern described in the statement is Gao, which is a city in Mali located in the Sahel region of West Africa, where a tropical wet and dry climate is predominant.

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Iron deposit is considered a natural resource when it occurs in economic quantities, meaning that it can be extracted and utilized for commercial purposes. The concentration and quality of the iron deposit are also important factors in determining its economic viability. However, the occurrence of iron deposits in sedimentary formations or with few impurities may also increase their economic value.

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The conditions mentioned - a growing season of about 5 months, flooded or irrigated land, and high annual temperature of at least 21°C - are required for the cultivation of rice. Rice is a type of crop that needs a lot of water to grow, which is why it is typically grown in fields that are either flooded or irrigated. The growing season for rice is usually around 5 months, which means that the crop needs to be planted and harvested within this timeframe. Additionally, rice requires a warm climate, with an annual temperature of at least 21°C, in order to grow properly. Rubber, tea, and coffee all have different growing requirements than rice. While they may also require warm temperatures and moist conditions, they have different growing seasons and may not require flooded or irrigated land. Therefore, based on the conditions mentioned, the crop that can be cultivated is rice.

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The two types of landscapes associated with highland areas in Nigeria are inselberg and volcanic landscapes. An inselberg is a prominent isolated hill or mountain that rises abruptly from a plain or relatively flat surrounding area. In Nigeria, inselbergs can be found in the Jos Plateau region, which is located in the central part of the country. These inselbergs are characterized by steep slopes and flat tops, and they are often used for mining and agriculture. Volcanic landscapes, on the other hand, are formed by volcanic activity, which can include eruptions, lava flows, and the deposition of volcanic ash. In Nigeria, volcanic landscapes are found in the eastern part of the country, particularly around the area known as the Cameroon Volcanic Line. This region is characterized by numerous volcanic peaks and cones, as well as extensive lava fields and volcanic ash deposits. In summary, highland areas in Nigeria are associated with two main types of landscapes: inselberg and volcanic landscapes. The inselbergs are prominent isolated hills or mountains with steep slopes and flat tops, while the volcanic landscapes are characterized by volcanic peaks and cones, lava flows, and volcanic ash deposits.

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Blantyre, Rio de Janeiro, New York, and Lagos have something in common, they all serve as their respective countries' commercial centers. A commercial center is a city or urban area that is significant in terms of economic activity, including trade, commerce, finance, and manufacturing. Blantyre is a commercial city in Malawi, Rio de Janeiro is a major economic center in Brazil, New York is a global financial hub in the United States, and Lagos is the commercial capital of Nigeria. Each of these cities plays a significant role in driving their countries' economies through trade, commerce, and other related activities.

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The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) can best be said to administer a multi-purpose river basin development project. The TVA is a government agency created in the 1930s to help improve economic conditions in the Tennessee Valley region of the United States. The agency is responsible for a variety of activities, including electricity power generation, flood control, and agricultural and industrial development. The TVA manages a series of dams and reservoirs that are used for hydroelectric power generation, flood control, and recreational activities. The TVA also works to promote economic development in the region by providing technical assistance, loans, and other resources to businesses and communities. Therefore, it can be concluded that the TVA's primary function is to administer a multi-purpose river basin development project, which includes a variety of activities aimed at improving the economic conditions of the Tennessee Valley region.

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The export trade structure of Country H shows that it heavily depends on the export of fuel, minerals, and metals, with little diversification in its export products. This means that the economy of H is subject to fluctuations in the world market prices for its major exports. If there is a drop in the prices of these commodities, the economy of H will suffer as it heavily relies on the export of these commodities. Therefore, the correct answer is that the economy of H may be subject to fluctuations in the world market prices for its major exports.

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Plant growth is influenced by various environmental factors, including temperature. Each plant species has a specific range of temperatures in which it can grow optimally. When the temperature falls outside this range, the plant's growth may be affected. In general, most plants stop growing when the temperature falls below 6°C. This is because low temperatures slow down the biochemical reactions that are essential for plant growth, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake. As a result, the plant's metabolic processes slow down, and its growth and development are negatively impacted. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to low temperatures can cause irreversible damage to the plant's tissues, leading to cell death and reduced growth. Therefore, it's crucial to maintain optimal temperatures for plant growth, especially during the germination and early growth stages. In conclusion, plants generally cease growth when the temperature falls below 6°C. However, the optimal temperature range for growth varies among plant species.

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The critical temperature at which the air being cooled becomes saturated with vapor is known as the dew point. When air is cooled, its ability to hold moisture decreases. As the temperature drops, the amount of water vapor in the air remains the same, but the air becomes less able to hold it. Eventually, the air becomes saturated with moisture, and any further cooling will cause the excess water vapor to condense into droplets, which can be seen as dew, fog, or clouds. The temperature at which this saturation point is reached is called the dew point. It's the temperature at which the air can no longer hold all the moisture it contains, and some of it begins to condense out. The dew point is an important measure of atmospheric moisture because it indicates how close the air is to being saturated, which can affect things like cloud formation, precipitation, and humidity levels.

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The pattern of export trade depicted by J in the given table shows a high percentage of exports in "Mach. & Trans Equipment" and a low percentage in "Fuel, Minerals & Metals" compared to the other categories. Among the given options, the country with a similar pattern of export trade is Japan. Japan is known for its high-tech manufacturing industries and is a leading exporter of machinery and transportation equipment. So, the answer is Japan.

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Semi-arid areas are regions that receive very little rainfall and are prone to wind erosion. Wind erosion is a process that occurs when the wind picks up soil particles from the surface and moves them away, which can lead to the loss of topsoil and decreased fertility. One solution to wind erosion in semi-arid areas is the establishment of "shelter belts." Shelter belts are rows of trees or shrubs planted in the direction of the prevailing wind. They act as a barrier, reducing wind speed and protecting the soil from erosion. The trees and shrubs in the shelter belts also provide other benefits. They can help to reduce the impact of sandstorms, provide shade for livestock, and create habitats for wildlife. Additionally, they can help to improve soil quality by adding organic matter and nutrients through their fallen leaves and other debris. In contrast, crop strips, terrace bounds, and diversion channels are also methods used to control erosion, but they are not specifically designed to combat wind erosion in semi-arid areas. Crop strips are used to reduce water erosion on sloping land, terrace bounds are used to reduce soil loss on steep slopes, and diversion channels are used to redirect water flow and prevent flooding.

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The hydrological cycle is the process of water circulating between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. One important part of this cycle is the transfer of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere. This transfer occurs through a process called evaporation. Evaporation is when liquid water turns into water vapor or gas. This happens when the sun heats up the surface of bodies of water, like oceans, lakes, or rivers, and causes the water to turn into vapor. Water can also evaporate from the soil or from plants through a process called transpiration. Once the water is in the atmosphere as vapor, it can condense into clouds and eventually fall back to the earth as precipitation, such as rain or snow. This precipitation can then either be absorbed into the soil through infiltration, or it can run off the surface and into bodies of water, like streams or rivers. So, in summary, the transfer of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere in the hydrological cycle is through evaporation.

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The group of towns most important for automobile manufacturing is Detroit, Tokyo and Turin. These cities are home to some of the biggest and most influential car companies in the world, such as General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Fiat. They have a long history of producing cars and have been at the forefront of the industry's technological and design advancements. The term "Motor City" is often used to refer to Detroit, as it was once the center of the American automobile industry. Similarly, Turin is known as the "Detroit of Europe," and Tokyo is the birthplace of many innovative car models. These three cities have played a crucial role in shaping the automobile industry and continue to be major players in the market.

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Recent space explorations have indicated that Mars is the other planet in our solar system that has the possibility of having had life-supporting conditions in the past. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and is often referred to as the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance. The presence of water on Mars in the form of ice caps, as well as evidence of ancient riverbeds and lake beds, suggest that Mars had a much more hospitable environment in the past. Additionally, NASA's Mars rovers have found evidence of minerals on the planet's surface that suggest the presence of water in the past. Some of these minerals are known to be key components of life as we know it, such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. While no direct evidence of past or present life on Mars has been found, the discovery of conditions that could have supported life has made Mars a key target for future exploration and study. Therefore, the correct option is Mars.

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The level of utilization of resources in a country depends not only on the population size but also on the standard of living. The standard of living reflects the level of economic development and social well-being of the population, which affects their ability to utilize resources effectively. A high standard of living usually means a higher level of education, access to better healthcare and improved infrastructure, all of which contribute to the efficient use of resources. Population density, life expectancy, and population mobility are important factors that can affect the standard of living, but they do not directly determine the level of resource utilization.

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The two major causes of environmental pollution in the Niger Delta are oil blowouts and gas flaring. Oil production and exploration have caused damage to the environment in the Niger Delta region, leading to oil spillages, blowouts, and gas flaring, which have devastating effects on the ecosystem, wildlife, and human health. These practices have polluted the air, land, and water, making it difficult for the inhabitants of the region to live healthy lives. The pollution has also affected the fishing and farming activities of the people, leading to a decline in the economy of the region.

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The length of day and night is not equal on any of the dates given in the options. On June 21st, also known as the summer solstice, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its longest day of the year and shortest night, while the Southern Hemisphere experiences its shortest day and longest night. On September 21st, also known as the fall equinox, the length of day and night are roughly equal, but not exactly equal. On March 22nd, also known as the spring equinox, the length of day and night are again roughly equal, but not exactly equal. On December 22nd, also known as the winter solstice, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its shortest day of the year and longest night, while the Southern Hemisphere experiences its longest day and shortest night. Therefore, the only option left is March 22nd and September 21st, and while the length of day and night are not exactly equal on these dates, they are very close to being equal, with the difference being only a few minutes. These dates are known as the spring and fall equinoxes, respectively.

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The presence of low islands and extensive sand banks suggests that the channel of River Bintu is probably shallow. Shallow rivers typically have a more visible and complex riverbed, with sand and rocks creating shallows and islands. These features make navigation and transportation more difficult, as boats may run aground or encounter other obstacles. However, shallow rivers can also provide important habitat for aquatic plants and animals.

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In Nigeria, the geographical location of the Eastern Highlands poses the greatest hindrance to economic development. The Eastern Highlands, which consist of hills and mountains, are located in the southeastern part of Nigeria. This region is characterized by poor soil quality, difficult terrain, and a lack of natural resources like oil and gas. The difficult terrain makes transportation and communication difficult, which can make it hard for businesses to thrive in this area. Additionally, the poor soil quality makes it challenging for agriculture to be successful in this region. The Western Highlands, on the other hand, have a more favorable location and soil quality, which has allowed them to be more economically developed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Eastern Highlands' geographical location poses the greatest hindrance to economic development in Nigeria.

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Dairy farming in the temperate region is typically associated with the feature of being both labor and capital-intensive. This means that it requires a significant investment of both time and money to successfully operate. Farmers must be able to dedicate a lot of effort and resources to caring for their animals, producing high-quality milk, and managing the business side of the operation. Additionally, dairy farming in the temperate region often requires specialized equipment and facilities, which can be expensive to acquire and maintain.

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The high cost of lumbering operations in tropical forests is mainly due to the absence of pure stands of trees. In tropical forests, trees are usually scattered and mixed with other plants, making it difficult to access and extract the desired trees. This makes logging operations in tropical forests more expensive compared to temperate forests where trees are often found in pure stands.

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The scale of a map tells you how much smaller the map is compared to the actual size of the area being represented. In this case, 1cm on the map represents 50,000cm (or 500m) in real life. To find the area of the oil palm plantation represented by a rectangle 4cm by 3cm on the map, we first need to convert the measurements on the map to real-life measurements. The length of the rectangle in real life would be: 4cm x 500m/cm = 2000m The width of the rectangle in real life would be: 3cm x 500m/cm = 1500m To find the area of the plantation, we multiply the length by the width: 2000m x 1500m = 3,000,000 square meters To convert square meters to square kilometers, we divide by 1,000,000: 3,000,000 square meters / 1,000,000 = 3 square kilometers Therefore, the area of the oil palm plantation on the map is 3 square kilometers. So the correct option is: 3sq. km.

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To build a road from Achira to Gara will require an embarkment. An embarkment is a raised structure made of earth or other materials used to support a road, railway or canal across a low-lying or wet area. In this case, since there is no mention of a valley or water body that needs to be crossed, an embarkment would be required to raise the road above the ground level to make it passable for vehicles.

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When a river capture occurs, it means that a river or stream changes its course and begins to flow into a different river or stream. The beheaded stream is the stream or river that used to flow into the now-capturing river, but is now left without an outlet to the sea or ocean. This is because the capturing river has diverted its water, leaving the beheaded stream without a proper drainage route. The term commonly used for this beheaded stream is "misfit." This is because the stream no longer fits in with the surrounding landscape and has lost its original route. The water in the misfit stream may continue to flow, but it will eventually reach a dead end, a lake or simply evaporate. This can cause significant changes in the landscape and impact the flora and fauna that rely on the beheaded stream's water source.

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The climatic region represented above is the Arctic. This is because it is characterized by permanently frozen ground, low temperatures, and short summers. The Arctic is located in the northernmost part of the Earth and is covered by ice sheets and glaciers. It is an extremely cold and inhospitable environment, with very little vegetation and wildlife. The region is home to the polar bear, walrus, and various species of seals and birds.

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To find the distance between two points on the ground from a map, we need to use the scale of the map. In this case, the scale of the map is 1:50,000. This means that one unit on the map represents 50,000 units on the ground. So, to find the distance between the two points on the ground, we need to multiply the distance on the map by the scale of the map: 35mm x 50,000 = 1,750,000mm We can convert millimeters to kilometers by dividing the result by 1,000: 1,750,000mm / 1,000 = 1,750km Therefore, the distance between the two points on the ground is 1.75km. So, the correct option is: 1.75km.

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A concentration of dwellings built on land that is neither owned nor rented by the builders is called a "squatter settlement". In these settlements, people build homes on land that is not legally theirs, often without proper permits or government approval. Squatter settlements are common in urban areas, particularly in developing countries where there is a shortage of affordable housing. These settlements often lack basic services such as running water, sanitation, and electricity, and are built using whatever materials are available. Squatter settlements are a result of a combination of factors, including poverty, a lack of affordable housing, and limited access to land. They can be found on the outskirts of cities or even within the city itself. Despite their often precarious conditions, many people in squatter settlements have created vibrant communities and livelihoods for themselves.

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A common natural response of people to the problem of uneven distribution of resources in a place is migration. When resources are unevenly distributed, some areas may have an abundance of resources while others have very few. As a result, people living in areas with limited resources may choose to move to areas with more resources. This movement of people from one place to another is called migration. Migration can be voluntary or forced, and can occur within a country or between countries. People may migrate in search of better job opportunities, education, healthcare, or living conditions. Migration can have both positive and negative effects on the people and places involved. On the positive side, migration can lead to cultural exchange, economic growth, and social development. On the negative side, migration can also lead to social conflict, cultural clashes, and economic inequality. Therefore, the correct option is migration.