JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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The main source of power for subsistence agriculture is man. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming where the farmers grow crops and raise livestock for their own needs, rather than for sale. In this type of agriculture, the main source of power for planting and harvesting crops and caring for livestock is human labor. This can include manual labor such as plowing fields with a hand plow, planting seeds by hand, and carrying heavy loads.

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The practice of mating closely related animals is called inbreeding. Inbreeding is when two animals that are closely related, such as siblings or parent and offspring, are bred together. This increases the likelihood that their offspring will have similar traits and characteristics because they share many of the same genes. While inbreeding can lead to the expression of desirable traits, it can also increase the risk of genetic disorders and other health problems. For this reason, many breeders prefer to use outbreeding, or mating animals that are not closely related, to promote genetic diversity and reduce the risk of health problems in their offspring.

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The horizon of a soil profile that encourages the greatest level of microbial activity is the A horizon. Soil horizons are defined layers in a soil profile, each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties. The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the topmost layer of the soil profile and is typically rich in organic matter, nutrients, and water. This layer is also where the majority of soil microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are found. The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is below the A horizon and is typically more compact and less porous than the A horizon. It contains relatively low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The C horizon is the layer of soil material that is below the B horizon and is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and mineral particles. This layer typically has low levels of organic matter and is not as conducive to microbial activity as the A horizon. The D horizon is not present in all soils and is typically composed of consolidated bedrock. This layer is not conducive to microbial activity as it is typically inhospitable to life due to its lack of water and organic matter. So, the answer to the question is the A horizon.

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The main processes involved in the marketing of cotton do not include wedding. Wedding is not a process that is typically associated with the marketing of cotton. The marketing of cotton typically involves several key processes, including processing, grading, and packaging. Processing involves cleaning and preparing the cotton fibers for use in various products. This may include spinning the cotton into yarn or thread, and weaving or knitting the cotton into fabric. Grading involves evaluating the quality of the cotton fibers and sorting them into different grades based on factors such as length, strength, and color. This helps to ensure that the cotton fibers are used in the most appropriate applications and that customers receive the best quality products. Packaging involves packaging the cotton fibers or products made from cotton into bags or other containers for storage and transportation. This helps to protect the cotton from damage and contamination during transit and storage, and makes it easier for customers to handle and use the cotton in their own operations.

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Lions, elephants, and donkeys are usually kept in game reserves. Game reserves are areas of land where wild animals are protected and kept in their natural habitats. These animals are usually native to the region and are kept safe from hunting or other human activities that may harm them. The purpose of game reserves is to conserve the animals and their ecosystems for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

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A parasite is a biotic factor that can influence agricultural production. Biotic factors refer to living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem. A parasite is a type of organism that lives on or within another organism, known as the host, and feeds on its host's resources. In agriculture, parasites can have a negative impact on crops and livestock, reducing their health and productivity. Soil pH, topography, and soil texture are abiotic factors that influence agricultural production. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. These factors can affect the growth and development of crops and livestock, and must be considered when planning and managing agricultural production.

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A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.

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The most suitable source of power for stationary equipment on the farm is electricity. This is because it is consistent, reliable, and can provide the necessary power to run equipment such as pumps, lights, and other appliances. Electricity can also be easily transported to remote areas through power lines, making it accessible to farms in rural areas. Additionally, electricity is a clean and efficient source of energy, which is important for farmers who want to minimize their impact on the environment. Overall, electricity is the best choice for providing power to stationary equipment on the farm.

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The exception to the methods of preserving fish is boiling. Boiling is a method of cooking fish and does not preserve it for a long period of time. The other methods listed, such as drying, smoking, and salting, are methods of preserving fish by removing moisture and adding salt to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause spoilage. These methods can keep fish fresh for several weeks or months, depending on the method used and the conditions under which the fish is stored.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a mature male bovine animal that is used for breeding and producing offspring. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than female cattle, and they have distinctive characteristics such as large horns and a muscular build. A ram is a male sheep, while a boar is a mature male pig. These animals are not called bulls, as they are not bovine animals. A duck is a type of bird, and it is not related to cattle or other domesticated farm animals.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.

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The exception to the problems associated with land tenure through inheritance is "right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land". This means that individuals who inherit land have the right to use it and make decisions about it as they see fit. This can be seen as a positive aspect of inheritance as it gives individuals control over their property and the ability to use it in a way that they feel is best. The other options listed, such as small land holdings and difficulty selling part of the land, are problems associated with inheritance as they can limit the ability of individuals to make the most of their property and can lead to conflicts and disputes among family members.

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The study of insect pests of crops is called entomology. Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their biology, behavior, evolution, and ecological relationships. Within entomology, there is a subfield that focuses specifically on insects that cause harm to crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. This subfield is called agricultural entomology and it focuses on the study of insect pests and their management. Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, while agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, and other products. Synecology is the study of ecological communities and their interactions. So, the answer to the question is entomology.

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Storm is not an example of edaphic factors. Edaphic factors refer to the soil and other physical and chemical characteristics of the land, such as rocks and topography, that influence the growth and development of plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. Storms, on the other hand, are events that occur in the atmosphere, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and lightning, and they do not directly influence the soil and land characteristics.

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The following is not a method of improving rangeland: regular application of fertilizers. Improving rangeland involves managing the land in a way that promotes the growth of desirable vegetation and reduces the impact of undesirable vegetation. One of the methods of improving rangeland is practicing continuous grazing, which involves rotating animals from one area to another to prevent overgrazing and allow the vegetation to recover. Routine and regular weeding involves removing unwanted plants that compete with the desirable vegetation for water, nutrients, and light. Routine reseeding involves replanting desirable vegetation that has been lost due to natural causes or overgrazing. While regular application of fertilizers can be important for improving the quality of cultivated crops, it is not a method of improving rangeland. In many cases, applying fertilizers to rangeland can actually have negative impacts, such as altering the natural balance of the ecosystem and promoting the growth of undesirable vegetation. It is often better to manage rangeland through a combination of grazing management, weed control, and reseeding, rather than applying fertilizers.

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Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

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Planting different varieties of timber is not a problem of forest management. It is actually a solution to the problem. The idea behind planting different varieties of timber is to improve the health and diversity of the forest ecosystem, which can make it more resilient to pests, disease, and other threats. By planting different types of trees, forest managers can also create a more varied and sustainable source of wood and other forest products, which can help to support local communities and economies.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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An increase in supply of agricultural produce can be caused by a variety of factors such as reduced cost of production, favorable weather conditions, and reduced taxation. However, the factor that does not contribute to an increase in supply is consumers buying less products. When consumers buy less products, it creates a surplus of the unsold produce and reduces demand for it. When demand for a product decreases, the market price for the product decreases as well, which can lead to a reduction in the supply of that product. In this case, the decrease in consumer demand would actually lead to a decrease in the supply of agricultural produce, rather than an increase.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The agricultural extension method that aims at reaching a large number of farmers at the same time is the mass method. The mass method involves using mass media, such as radio and television, to reach a large audience with information about agriculture. This method allows extension workers to reach many farmers at once, even in remote areas, and to provide them with important information about new techniques, best practices, and other aspects of agriculture. The group method involves working with small groups of farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific local issues, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass method. The individual method involves working one-on-one with farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be very effective for addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass or group methods. The contact method involves making personal visits to farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass, group, or individual methods.

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A friend of a farmer is the earthworm. Earthworms are beneficial to farmers because they help to improve soil fertility. They do this by consuming organic matter in the soil and excreting it as nutrient-rich castings that can be absorbed by plants. Additionally, earthworms burrow through the soil, creating channels for air and water to flow, which can help to increase soil aeration and drainage. This leads to a healthier soil structure, which can result in better plant growth and higher crop yields. For these reasons, earthworms are often referred to as "nature's tillers" and are considered to be valuable allies for farmers.

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The process in crops that is not sensitive to daylength is branching. Daylength, or photoperiod, is the length of time that a plant is exposed to light in a 24-hour period. Many crops, such as soybeans and corn, are sensitive to daylength and the changes in the amount of daylight they receive can trigger different physiological processes, such as flowering, fruiting, and growth. However, branching, or the formation of new shoots and stems from the parent plant, is not a process that is sensitive to daylength. Branching occurs as a result of other factors such as plant hormones, environmental conditions, and genetics. So, the answer to the question is branching.

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A dragnet can be used for total harvesting of a pond. A dragnet is a type of fishing gear that consists of a large net that is pulled through the water by a boat or by people on the shore. The net is designed to catch all types of fish in the pond, making it an effective way to harvest a large quantity of fish in a short amount of time. Hook and line and harpoon fishing gears are typically used for catching specific types of fish, rather than for total harvesting of a pond. Basket traps are often used to catch crustaceans and other small aquatic animals, rather than fish. While dragnet fishing can be an effective way to harvest a large quantity of fish, it can also have negative impacts on the ecosystem if it is not managed properly. Overfishing and destruction of habitats can result if dragnet fishing is not regulated and monitored.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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IITA stands for International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. It is an international research organization that focuses on agricultural development in tropical regions, particularly in Africa. The goal of IITA is to help farmers in these areas improve their yields and livelihoods by providing them with better seeds, technologies, and knowledge. The institute conducts research and development work in various areas of agriculture, including plant breeding, crop production, and agroforestry. It works with government agencies, universities, and other organizations to help farmers in tropical regions grow more food and improve their lives.

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A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is given to him for a specific period of time on rental basis. This means that the farmer has the right to use the land for agricultural purposes for a certain amount of time, usually several years, in exchange for paying a fee or rent to the owner of the land. At the end of the lease period, the farmer must return the land to the owner. This arrangement allows the farmer to use the land without having to purchase it outright, while also providing the owner with a source of income from the rent paid by the farmer.