JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

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The hormone responsible for milk let down in female farm animals is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland and is released into the bloodstream when the animal is ready to nurse its young or be milked. When oxytocin is released, it stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the mammary glands, causing the milk to flow from the teat. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process and is essential for providing nourishment to the young in many species of mammals, including cows, goats, and sheep. The release of oxytocin can also be triggered by the stimulation of the teats, such as when a calf or kid suckles or when a milker applies a milking machine to the teat, making it a key player in the dairy industry.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

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Lions, elephants, and donkeys are usually kept in game reserves. Game reserves are areas of land where wild animals are protected and kept in their natural habitats. These animals are usually native to the region and are kept safe from hunting or other human activities that may harm them. The purpose of game reserves is to conserve the animals and their ecosystems for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The most suitable source of power for stationary equipment on the farm is electricity. This is because it is consistent, reliable, and can provide the necessary power to run equipment such as pumps, lights, and other appliances. Electricity can also be easily transported to remote areas through power lines, making it accessible to farms in rural areas. Additionally, electricity is a clean and efficient source of energy, which is important for farmers who want to minimize their impact on the environment. Overall, electricity is the best choice for providing power to stationary equipment on the farm.

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots and shoots. Essentially, you can plant a piece of a ginger rhizome, and it will grow into a new plant. This is a common way to propagate ginger because it is easy and efficient, and it allows you to quickly produce many new plants from one parent plant. In simple terms, you can think of rhizomes as "cuttings" that you can take from an existing ginger plant and plant elsewhere to grow a new plant.

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The option that does not describe the effect of practicing crop rotation is "adding humus to the soil." Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a specific sequence in a certain area over time. The purpose of this is to maintain and improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and prevent the build-up of pests and diseases. By rotating crops, the soil is given a chance to rest and recover nutrients that were taken away by previous crops, leading to healthier soil and better crop growth. On the other hand, adding humus to the soil involves adding organic matter such as compost, leaves, or manure to the soil. This helps to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. While adding humus to the soil can complement the effects of crop rotation, it is not a direct result of practicing crop rotation.

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The system in which a farmer uses a piece of land for a period and abandons it for another land is called "shifting cultivation". In this system, a farmer will clear a piece of land for farming, use it for a few seasons until the soil becomes less fertile, and then move on to another piece of land and repeat the process. This allows the abandoned land to recover its fertility and biodiversity. Shifting cultivation is often used by small-scale farmers in tropical regions where the soil is less fertile and where there are few other options for agriculture.

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Fertile soil is one that contains all essential plant nutrients in suitable proportions. Fertile soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential for plant growth and development. It also contains other important minerals and organic matter that support the health of the soil and the plants growing in it. A soil that is fertile will produce a good harvest of crops, including cowpea, because the plants are able to access the nutrients they need to grow strong and healthy. In addition to being rich in nutrients, fertile soil is also well aerated and easily drained, which allows the roots of the plants to access air and water, two critical components of healthy plant growth.

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Financial assistance from the government to farmers is usually in the form of loans, credits, and subsidies. These forms of financial support are intended to help farmers purchase necessary equipment, improve their farming practices, and increase their food production. However, financial assistance in the form of tax is not typically offered to farmers. Tax is a financial obligation that must be paid by individuals and businesses, including farmers, to the government. Tax is not considered a form of financial assistance as it is not intended to provide financial support to the taxpayer. Instead, tax is used to fund various government services and programs.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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The following is not a method of improving rangeland: regular application of fertilizers. Improving rangeland involves managing the land in a way that promotes the growth of desirable vegetation and reduces the impact of undesirable vegetation. One of the methods of improving rangeland is practicing continuous grazing, which involves rotating animals from one area to another to prevent overgrazing and allow the vegetation to recover. Routine and regular weeding involves removing unwanted plants that compete with the desirable vegetation for water, nutrients, and light. Routine reseeding involves replanting desirable vegetation that has been lost due to natural causes or overgrazing. While regular application of fertilizers can be important for improving the quality of cultivated crops, it is not a method of improving rangeland. In many cases, applying fertilizers to rangeland can actually have negative impacts, such as altering the natural balance of the ecosystem and promoting the growth of undesirable vegetation. It is often better to manage rangeland through a combination of grazing management, weed control, and reseeding, rather than applying fertilizers.

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The gestation period is the time between conception and parturition. Gestation is the period of pregnancy in mammals, during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and prepares for birth. The gestation period is the length of time from when the sperm fertilizes the egg to when the animal gives birth. This period can vary greatly among different species, ranging from a few weeks in some small mammals to over a year in elephants and whales. The time of fusion of the sperm and the egg is referred to as fertilization. The time of release of the ovum from the ovary is referred to as ovulation. The time of birth of the young animal is referred to as parturition.

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The agricultural extension method that aims at reaching a large number of farmers at the same time is the mass method. The mass method involves using mass media, such as radio and television, to reach a large audience with information about agriculture. This method allows extension workers to reach many farmers at once, even in remote areas, and to provide them with important information about new techniques, best practices, and other aspects of agriculture. The group method involves working with small groups of farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific local issues, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass method. The individual method involves working one-on-one with farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be very effective for addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass or group methods. The contact method involves making personal visits to farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass, group, or individual methods.

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The main processes involved in the marketing of cotton do not include wedding. Wedding is not a process that is typically associated with the marketing of cotton. The marketing of cotton typically involves several key processes, including processing, grading, and packaging. Processing involves cleaning and preparing the cotton fibers for use in various products. This may include spinning the cotton into yarn or thread, and weaving or knitting the cotton into fabric. Grading involves evaluating the quality of the cotton fibers and sorting them into different grades based on factors such as length, strength, and color. This helps to ensure that the cotton fibers are used in the most appropriate applications and that customers receive the best quality products. Packaging involves packaging the cotton fibers or products made from cotton into bags or other containers for storage and transportation. This helps to protect the cotton from damage and contamination during transit and storage, and makes it easier for customers to handle and use the cotton in their own operations.

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An advantage of an extensive system of rearing goats is low labor requirement. This means that in an extensive system, goats are allowed to graze and forage for their own food in a natural environment, with minimal human intervention. This can result in a lower cost of production as there is less need for expensive feed and fewer inputs required for maintenance. Additionally, this system can also be less time-consuming for the farmer, as there is less need for daily chores such as feeding and cleaning.

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The study of insect pests of crops is called entomology. Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their biology, behavior, evolution, and ecological relationships. Within entomology, there is a subfield that focuses specifically on insects that cause harm to crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. This subfield is called agricultural entomology and it focuses on the study of insect pests and their management. Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, while agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, and other products. Synecology is the study of ecological communities and their interactions. So, the answer to the question is entomology.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

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The exception to the problems associated with land tenure through inheritance is "right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land". This means that individuals who inherit land have the right to use it and make decisions about it as they see fit. This can be seen as a positive aspect of inheritance as it gives individuals control over their property and the ability to use it in a way that they feel is best. The other options listed, such as small land holdings and difficulty selling part of the land, are problems associated with inheritance as they can limit the ability of individuals to make the most of their property and can lead to conflicts and disputes among family members.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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The main objectives of agriculture are food production, income generation, and provision of employment. Food production refers to the growing of crops and raising of livestock for the purpose of feeding people. Agriculture is the main source of food for most populations around the world and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. Income generation refers to the use of agriculture as a means to earn money. This can be achieved through the sale of crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. Agriculture provides a source of livelihood for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. Provision of employment refers to the creation of job opportunities in the agricultural sector. This includes jobs in farming, processing, and other related industries. Agriculture can help to reduce unemployment, especially in areas where there are limited job opportunities. The objective of provision of shelter is not typically considered one of the main objectives of agriculture. Although, agriculture can play a role in providing materials for building homes, such as wood and other natural resources, the primary focus of agriculture is on food production, income generation, and employment.

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The process in crops that is not sensitive to daylength is branching. Daylength, or photoperiod, is the length of time that a plant is exposed to light in a 24-hour period. Many crops, such as soybeans and corn, are sensitive to daylength and the changes in the amount of daylight they receive can trigger different physiological processes, such as flowering, fruiting, and growth. However, branching, or the formation of new shoots and stems from the parent plant, is not a process that is sensitive to daylength. Branching occurs as a result of other factors such as plant hormones, environmental conditions, and genetics. So, the answer to the question is branching.

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Food shortage can be minimized by improving agricultural practices and increasing food production. This can be achieved by implementing efficient pest control services, using modern techniques for crop cultivation, and providing farmers with the necessary resources and support. Additionally, reducing food waste and preventing hoarding of food supplies can also help to minimize food shortages. However, it's important to note that natural hazards such as droughts, floods, and extreme weather conditions can impact food production and lead to food shortages. The illegal exportation of farm produce can also contribute to food shortages in certain regions by reducing the available food supplies in those areas.

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In subsistence agriculture, surplus produce is small and savings are not made. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agricultural system in which farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption and for the consumption of their families and communities. In subsistence agriculture, farmers typically have limited resources and technology, and the focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than producing a surplus for sale or trade. As a result, the surplus produce from subsistence agriculture is typically small, and farmers do not have the resources or market access to make savings or investments. Instead, they focus on producing enough food to feed themselves and their families. Farm sizes in subsistence agriculture can vary, and may range from small plots of land to larger holdings. The main focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than maximizing production and profits. So, the answer to the question is surplus produce is small and savings are not made.

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The primary role of agriculture is the provision of food for man and his animals. Agriculture is the science and practice of cultivating the land and raising crops and livestock for human and animal consumption. The primary purpose of agriculture is to produce food to feed the growing population and provide sustenance for both people and animals. Agriculture plays a critical role in ensuring food security and meeting the basic nutritional needs of populations around the world. While agriculture can also provide foreign exchange earnings, raw materials for industries, and employment and income for farmers, these are secondary to its main role of providing food. Agriculture is an essential part of our global food system and is essential for ensuring that people have access to the sustenance they need to live healthy lives.

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Slate is formed from shale. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of compacted mud and clay. Over time, heat and pressure cause the minerals in the shale to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of slate. The new rock has a fine-grained texture and is relatively dense and strong, making it useful for roofing, flooring, and other applications. Unlike marble, quartzite, and limestone, slate is not a metamorphic rock, but rather a sedimentary rock that has undergone a specific type of metamorphism.

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