JAMB UTME - Geography - 2023

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The sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa can be traced to all of the following except the concentration of industries.

1. Inter-ethnic war: Conflict between different ethnic groups can cause displacement and hinder population growth in the affected areas. It leads to a disruption in the social fabric and discourages people from settling in these regions.

2. Tsetse fly infestation: The presence of tsetse flies, which are carriers of the sleeping sickness disease, can greatly affect human habitation. These flies are notorious for their bites which can transmit the disease to humans and livestock. The presence of tsetse flies in the middle belt of West Africa makes it difficult for people to inhabit the area due to health risks.

3. Arab slave trade in the North: The Arab slave trade, which took place predominantly in North Africa, resulted in the forced migration and enslavement of many African populations. This historic slave trade did not have a direct impact on the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa.

4. Concentration of industries: The concentration of industries usually leads to urbanization and increased population in certain areas. This option does not contribute to the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa.

Therefore, the correct answer is that the sparse population in the middle belt of West Africa cannot be traced to the concentration of industries.

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The statement that distinguishes rotation from revolution is that "The earth rotates on its axis while it revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit." Rotation refers to the spinning of an object around its own axis. In the case of the Earth, it rotates on an imaginary line called its axis. This rotation is responsible for various phenomena like the change between day and night. As the Earth rotates, different parts of it are exposed to the Sun's light, creating the cycle of day and night. Revolution, on the other hand, refers to the movement of an object around another object in space. In the case of the Earth, it revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. This revolution takes approximately 365.25 days to complete, which gives us a year. So, to summarize, rotation refers to the spinning of an object on its axis, causing phenomena like day and night. Revolution refers to the movement of an object around another object in space, giving us the concept of a year.

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The annual range of temperature is calculated by subtracting the lowest temperature of the year from the highest temperature of the year. From the table, the highest temperature is 32oC (in April) and the lowest is 22oC (in January). Therefore, the annual range of temperature is 32 - 22 = 10oC.

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The highest concentration of industries in Nigeria can be found in the Western zone. This region is also known as the Lagos-Ibadan Industrial Axis.
There are several reasons why the Western zone has the highest concentration of industries:
1. Proximity to Ports: The Western zone is close to major seaports, such as the Apapa Port in Lagos. This proximity allows for easier import and export of goods, reducing transportation costs for industries.
2. Infrastructure: The Western zone benefits from well-developed infrastructure, including good road networks, railways, and access to reliable power supply. These factors make it more conducive for industries to set up and operate efficiently.
3. Market Access: The Western zone has a large population, including the bustling city of Lagos, which provides a ready market for industries. The region serves as a major commercial hub, attracting businesses from various sectors.
4. Availability of Skilled Labor: The Western zone is home to several educational institutions, including universities and technical colleges. This abundance of institutions ensures a steady supply of skilled labor for industries in the region.
5. Government Support: The government has implemented policies and incentives to encourage industrial growth in the Western zone. These include tax incentives, subsidies, and initiatives such as the Lagos Free Trade Zone, which attracts both local and foreign investors.
In summary, the Western zone of Nigeria, specifically the Lagos-Ibadan industrial axis, has the highest concentration of industries due to its proximity to ports, well-developed infrastructure, access to market, availability of skilled labor, and government support. This region continues to attract businesses, driving economic growth and development in Nigeria.

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Soil erosion by rain can occur when the force of raindrops and the resulting surface runoff remove the top layer of soil. This process can be harmful and lead to the loss of fertile soil needed for growing crops and plant growth. There are several factors that can contribute to soil erosion by rain, but one of the options mentioned does not cause it. Let's analyze each option:

Tropical rainstorms: Tropical rainstorms are often associated with heavy rainfall and intense precipitation. The large amount of rainwater can create powerful runoff that can wash away soil particles and contribute to erosion. Therefore, tropical rainstorms can indeed cause soil erosion by rain.

Scanty vegetation: Vegetation, such as plants and trees, plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. The roots of plants help hold the soil together, reducing the impact of raindrops and preventing excessive runoff. When vegetation is sparse or absent, there are no roots to anchor the soil, making it more vulnerable to erosion. So, scanty vegetation can contribute to soil erosion by rain.

Steep slopes: Steep slopes can accelerate the process of soil erosion by rain. When rainwater flows down a steep slope, it gains momentum and power, increasing the force with which it hits the soil. This force can dislodge soil particles and carry them away, leading to erosion. Therefore, steep slopes can cause soil erosion by rain.

Aridity: Aridity refers to dryness or a lack of moisture. In arid regions, rainfall is limited, and the soil may be dry and less prone to erosion caused by rain. The lack of significant rainfall reduces the chances of soil particles being dislodged by raindrops or carried away by runoff, making aridity a factor that does not cause soil erosion by rain.

In conclusion, all the options except aridity can contribute to soil erosion by rain. Tropical rainstorms, scanty vegetation, and steep slopes can all increase the likelihood of soil erosion. However, in arid regions where there is a lack of moisture, the risk of soil erosion caused by rain is reduced.

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The rock that is produced by the solidification of magma within the Earth's crust is called **plutonic rock**. Plutonic rocks are also known as intrusive rocks. Magma is molten rock that is found beneath the Earth's surface. When this magma cools down slowly, it solidifies and crystalizes within the Earth's crust, forming plutonic rocks. This slow cooling process allows for the formation of large mineral crystals within the rock. One key characteristic of plutonic rocks is that they have a coarse grain texture. This means that the mineral crystals within the rock are visible to the naked eye. Examples of plutonic rocks include granite, diorite, and gabbro. In contrast, **extrusive rocks** are formed from lava that cools quickly on the Earth's surface. When lava erupts from a volcano and cools rapidly, it forms extrusive rocks. These rocks, such as basalt and pumice, have a fine-grained texture because the fast cooling does not allow for the growth of large mineral crystals. On the other hand, **sedimentary rocks** are formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments (such as sand, silt, and clay) that have been deposited by water, wind, or ice. Sedimentary rocks, like sandstone and limestone, often contain fossils and layers. Lastly, **metamorphic rocks** are formed by the transformation of existing rocks due to high temperature and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. Examples of metamorphic rocks include marble and quartzite. To summarize, plutonic rocks are produced by the slow solidification of magma within the Earth's crust, resulting in coarse-grained rocks with visible mineral crystals.

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An urban settlement is where displaced population settle within agglomeration such as a town or city. People are mainly involved in secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and construction. Additionally, dispersed settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern used to classify rural settlement.

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Jos plateau is a Volcanic plateau . It possess volcanic features such as a dome, single vents and clusters of 3-4 cones aligned.

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The criteria used to classify settlements into rural or urban are: 1. **Function:** This refers to the activities and services that are available within the settlement. In urban settlements, there tends to be a larger variety of economic, educational, and recreational services. These can include industries, offices, schools, hospitals, shopping centers, and entertainment facilities. In contrast, rural settlements mostly have agricultural activities as their main function, with limited services and amenities. 2. **Site:** Site refers to the physical characteristics of the settlement, including its natural features and topography. Urban settlements are commonly found in locations with favorable geographic conditions such as access to transportation routes, water sources, and fertile land. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are often situated in areas with more agricultural potential, like fertile soil and access to water for irrigation. 3. **Location:** Location refers to the position of the settlement relative to other settlements and urban centers. Urban settlements are usually located in more densely populated areas, with close proximity to other urban areas and transportation networks. They tend to be the economic and administrative centers of a region. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are typically found in more sparsely populated areas, characterized by agricultural or natural landscapes, with greater distances between each settlement. In summary, the three criteria used to classify settlements into rural or urban are function, site, and location. Function relates to the activities and services available, site refers to the physical characteristics of the settlement, and location considers the position in relation to other settlements and urban centers.

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Zeugens: These are tabular masses with a layer of soft rock lying beneath layer of hard rock
Rock pedestals: It consist of horizontal layer of hard and soft rocks

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A barchan is a cresentic or moon-shaped structure. A barchan is formed when an obstacle like rocks impedes or prevents the movement of wind

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On June 21, the sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, resulting in June or summer scistics

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A wind-deposited landform refers to a geological feature that is created or shaped by the action of wind carrying and depositing sediments. In this context, out of the four options given, the one that is a wind-deposited landform is **loess**. Loess is a specific type of sediment that is composed of fine particles of silt and clay that have been blown by wind over long distances and eventually deposited. It is typically pale yellow or light brown in color and has a very fine texture. Loess deposits often form in regions with strong and consistent winds, such as dry deserts or the margins of glacial systems. These sediments accumulate over time, often in thick layers, creating distinct landforms. One characteristic feature associated with loess is its ability to be easily eroded by wind and water. This erosion gives rise to unique landforms, such as **yardangs** and **deflation hollows**, which are also mentioned in the given options. A yardang is a ridge of rock that has been carved and streamlined by wind erosion. The wind scours away the loose sediment, leaving behind elongated ridges that run parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Yardangs can vary in size from a few meters to several kilometers long. A deflation hollow, on the other hand, is a depression in the landscape that forms when loose sediments are eroded away by wind, leaving behind a lowered area. These hollows can occur individually or in groups, and their size and shape depend on the intensity and duration of wind erosion. While both yardangs and deflation hollows are features associated with wind erosion, they are not technically wind-deposited landforms since they are created by the removal of sediment rather than the deposition of sediment. In summary, out of the options given, the wind-deposited landform is **loess**. It is a type of fine sediment made of silt and clay particles that are transported and deposited by the wind. Yardangs and deflation hollows, although associated with wind erosion, are not specifically wind-deposited landforms.

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Exports from Mali are most likely to pass through the sea port at Abidjan. Abidjan is the largest and busiest port in West Africa, located in Cote d'Ivoire. It is strategically positioned along the Gulf of Guinea, making it an ideal gateway for trade in the region. Mali is a landlocked country, which means it does not have direct access to the sea. Therefore, to transport their goods internationally, Mali relies heavily on neighboring countries' ports. Among the given options, Abidjan is the closest and most accessible port for Mali. Abidjan offers excellent shipping facilities, infrastructure, and connections to major shipping lines. It has a well-developed road network that connects it to Mali and other landlocked Sahelian countries, making it a convenient and efficient route for transporting goods. In summary, due to its proximity, connectivity, and efficiency, the sea port at Abidjan is the most likely entry point for Mali's exports.

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Inselberg is formed from the existence of extensive old plateau. It is caused as a result of weathering and remval of weathered materials

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Mediterranean vegetation consists largely of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs having woody stems with thick roots.

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Lapse rate is simply described as 0.65°C per 100m of ascent or 6.5ºC per 1000m of ascent.
Therefore 4000m of ascent= 6.5ºC x 4000m/1000m=26.0ºC
Then, the temperature around the aeroplane is = 40ºC - 26ºC = 14°C

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The most common form of migration experienced in countries of Tropical Africa is **rural-urban migration**. This refers to the movement of people from rural areas, such as villages and small towns, to urban areas, such as cities and towns. There are various reasons why rural-urban migration is prevalent in Tropical Africa. One of the main factors is the search for better economic opportunities. Urban areas tend to offer more job opportunities, higher wages, and better living conditions compared to rural areas. Many people from rural communities migrate to cities in hopes of finding better employment and improving their standard of living. Another important factor contributing to rural-urban migration is the availability of social amenities and services in urban areas. Cities often have better access to education, healthcare, infrastructure, and recreational facilities. People may migrate to urban centers to access these services and provide better opportunities for their families. Moreover, urban areas serve as economic and cultural hubs, attracting people from rural areas seeking to benefit from the diversity and dynamism of city life. Cities offer a wide range of social and cultural activities, entertainment options, and opportunities for networking and socializing. However, it is important to note that rural-urban migration also presents some challenges. The rapid influx of people into cities can lead to overcrowding, strain on infrastructure, and increased competition for resources and jobs. Additionally, migration can have an impact on rural communities as they may experience a loss of human capital and skills. In summary, rural-urban migration is the most common form of migration in countries of Tropical Africa due to the search for better economic opportunities, access to social amenities, and the attraction of urban culture and lifestyle. While it brings benefits to individuals and urban areas, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable development.

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Inselberg is formed from the existence of extensive old plateau

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When weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris usually pile up at the bottom of the hill slope to form **scrree**. Scree is a deposition of loose rock fragments that have accumulated at the base of a steep slope or cliff. It is formed as a result of the continuous process of weathering, erosion, and gravity. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks by natural processes, such as wind, water, and temperature changes. This causes rocks to become smaller and more fragmented over time. Erosion is the process of transporting the fragmented rock material down the slope. Gravity plays a significant role in moving the loose rock fragments towards the bottom of the hill slope. As the weathered rock fragments accumulate at the base of the slope, they form a pile of loose debris called scree. Scree can range in size from small pebbles to larger rocks. It is usually found on steep slopes or cliffs where the force of gravity pulls the loose rock down and accumulates it at the bottom. In conclusion, when weathering occurs on hill slopes, the rock debris piles up at the bottom to form scree.

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A line joining all points of equal salinity is called an isohaline. In simpler terms, an isohaline is a line that connects points in a body of water that have the same level of salinity or saltiness. It is similar to a contour line you might see on a map that connects points of equal elevation. Salinity refers to the amount of salt dissolved in water. Different areas of the ocean, sea, or even a lake can have varying levels of salinity. An isohaline helps us visualize these varying levels by connecting the points with the same salinity. By studying and mapping isohalines, scientists can gain valuable insights into the distribution and movement of saltwater in different bodies of water. This information is important for understanding ocean currents, marine life habitats, and even for managing freshwater resources. To summarize, an isohaline is a line that connects points with the same salinity in a body of water. It helps us understand the distribution and movement of saltwater and is valuable in various scientific studies and resource management.

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avannas represents the vast majority of the areas which are characterised by a layerof perenial herbaceous plants, such as sedges with varrying degree of scrubs

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The North Atlantic sea route is the busiest sea route in the world. It links North America with Europe and Nigeria with Western Europe. Goods carried on this route do not include graius.

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Industrial activities such as production, construction etc, monoculture and lumbering are responsible for erosion in the tropics

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Jebal Azula is a dam which is not used in Gezira scheme

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To determine which month of the year has the highest temperature in station Z, we should analyze the data given in the table.
Looking at the table, we can see that the **temperature values** are given in the column labeled "Temperature (°C)". We need to find the month with the highest temperature value.
By examining the temperature values for each month, we can observe the following:
- In **April**, the temperature is 27°C - In **May**, the temperature is 30°C - In **June**, the temperature is 32°C - In **August**, the temperature is 29°C
From this information, we can clearly see that the month with the **highest temperature** in station Z is **June**, with a temperature of **32°C**.
Therefore, the answer to the question is that **June** is the month of the year with the highest temperature in station Z, as evidenced by the table.

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Annual rainfall in Sierra Leone coastal regions is over 4,800m, which makes it the wettest country in West Africa.

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The Dead Sea has the highest salinity among the given options. Salinity refers to the amount of salt dissolved in water. In other words, it is a measure of the saltiness of the water. The Dead Sea is located between Israel and Jordan, and it is actually not a sea but a saltwater lake. What makes the Dead Sea unique is its extremely high salt concentration. The water in the Dead Sea is about 10 times saltier than sea water. There are several reasons why the Dead Sea has such high salinity. Firstly, it is located in a region with a very hot and dry climate, which means that water evaporates quickly. As the water evaporates, the salt gets left behind, increasing the overall concentration of salt in the lake. Secondly, the Dead Sea is landlocked, which means it does not have an outlet or a flow of water that can dilute the salt concentration. Unlike the Mediterranean Sea or the Red Sea, which are connected to the global ocean system, the Dead Sea is a closed basin. As a result, the salt that enters the lake stays there and continues to accumulate over time. Lastly, the Dead Sea region is known for its rich mineral deposits, including salts. These minerals get washed into the lake through rivers and streams, further contributing to the high salinity of the water. In summary, the Dead Sea has the highest salinity among the given options due to its evaporation, lack of connection to the global ocean system, and the presence of mineral deposits. This high salinity creates a unique environment where floating becomes effortless and leads to the formation of salt crystals along the shores.

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**A major function performed by rural settlements is agriculture.** Rural settlements are areas where people live in small towns or villages, often located outside of cities. These settlements are mainly involved in agricultural activities, which means they are focused on farming and cultivating crops. Agriculture is an essential function of rural settlements because it provides food and other resources for the people living there. Farmers grow various crops such as wheat, rice, corn, and vegetables, which are then consumed by the community or sold to nearby towns and cities. In addition to crops, rural settlements may also have livestock like cows, sheep, or chickens, which provide meat, eggs, and dairy products. Agriculture is not only important for providing food, but it also contributes to the local economy. When farmers sell their products, it generates income for the community, allowing them to purchase other necessities and services. Furthermore, agriculture helps to sustain the environment in rural areas. Farmers often practice sustainable farming techniques, such as crop rotation and the use of organic fertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and prevent the depletion of natural resources. Overall, agriculture is a vital function of rural settlements as it supports the livelihoods of the residents, provides food and resources, contributes to the local economy, and helps sustain the environment.

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To calculate the population density of a country, we need to divide the total population of the country by its total land area. In this case, we are given that the total population of the country is 140,000,000 and the total land area is 500,000 km². To find the population density, we divide the population by the land area: Population density = Total population / Total land area Population density = 140,000,000 / 500,000 = 280 persons per km². Therefore, the correct answer is **280 persons per km²**.

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Rye is not a plantation crop. Plantation crops are large-scale crops that are grown specifically for commercial purposes, often on plantations or large farms. These crops are usually labor-intensive and require specialized farming techniques. Cocoa, oil palm, and rubber are all examples of plantation crops. Cocoa is the main ingredient in chocolate, oil palm produces palm oil used in various products, and rubber is used to make tires and other rubber products. On the other hand, rye is a grain crop that is typically grown in small to medium-sized farms. It is used primarily for making bread, whiskey, and animal feed. Unlike plantation crops, rye does not require extensive labor or specialized farming techniques. In summary, rye is not a plantation crop because it is grown on smaller farms and does not have the same commercial scale as crops like cocoa, oil palm, and rubber. These plantation crops have large-scale production and are used in various industries.

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Solar energy is the energy gotten from the sun. The sun is the largest (star and its also the ultimate source of light and energy to all the planets. Coal, gas and Nuclear energy are hot renewable(i.e they cannot be reused when exhausted)

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Shale rocks are made of clay-sized particles and have a laminated appearance. They are a type of organica sedimentary rock.

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The river regime generally describes the character of the typical fluctuations of a flow of a river, but can also refer to the mathematical relationship between the river discharge and its width, depth and slope

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The buying and selling of goods and services within a country is known as internal trade.

Internal trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between individuals, businesses, and organizations within the borders of a country. It involves the transfer of goods and services from producers to consumers or from one business to another within the same country.

For example, when you go to a local store to buy groceries or when a company sells its products to customers within the country, it is considered internal trade.

Internal trade is an essential part of a country's economy as it enables the circulation of goods and services within the country, stimulates economic growth, creates job opportunities, and fulfills the needs and wants of the people.

International trade, on the other hand, refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Barter is a system of trade where goods or services are exchanged directly without the use of money. Foreign trade specifically refers to the trade between different countries or the import and export activities of a country.

Therefore, in this context, the correct term for the buying and selling of goods and services within a country is internal trade.

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It is of no doubt that Africa has the highest potential reserves of hydro-electric power because it is surrounded by large oceans.

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A great circle is a type of circle that can be formed on the Earth's surface. It is called "great" because it has the same radius as the Earth. Let's go through each statement and determine which one is not correct: 1. The statement says that the Equator is a Great Circle among the latitudes. This statement is **correct**. The Equator is indeed a great circle because it is a circle that cuts the Earth in half, dividing it into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. 2. The statement says that the Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line are the only lines of latitude forming a Great Circle. This statement is **not correct**. The Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line are not lines of latitude; they are lines of longitude. A great circle can be formed by any line of latitude, not just the Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line. 3. The statement says that the Great Circle divides the Earth into two equal spheres. This statement is **not correct**. The Great Circle does divide the Earth, but not into equal spheres. Instead, it divides the Earth into two hemispheres, which are halves of the Earth. 4. The statement says that the center of the Great Circle is also the center of the Earth. This statement is **not correct**. The center of a great circle does not necessarily coincide with the center of the Earth. The center of a great circle is simply the midpoint of the circle, which can be anywhere on the Earth's surface. To summarize: - Statement 1 is correct. - Statement 2 is not correct. - Statement 3 is not correct. - Statement 4 is not correct. Therefore, the statement that is not correct about the great circle is statement 2, which claims that the Greenwich Meridian and the International Date Line are the only lines of latitude forming a Great Circle.

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Chemical weathering is a process in which the chemical composition of rocks and minerals is altered due to exposure to certain substances or environmental conditions. It plays a significant role in the breakdown and decomposition of rocks over time. Out of the options given, **frost action** is not a process of chemical weathering. Frost action, also known as freeze-thaw weathering, refers to the physical breakdown of rocks caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water within the rock fractures. It is a type of physical weathering, not chemical. Now let's briefly explain the other three options and how they relate to chemical weathering: 1. **Hydrolysis** is a chemical process in which water reacts with minerals in the rock, leading to their breakdown. Minerals such as feldspar and mica are commonly affected by hydrolysis. Water molecules interact with these minerals, causing them to break down into new minerals or dissolved ions. This process weakens the rock's structure and contributes to its gradual degradation. 2. **Oxidation** is another chemical process that occurs when certain minerals in rocks react with oxygen in the presence of water or air. This reaction causes the minerals to undergo a chemical change, resulting in the formation of new compounds. For example, when iron minerals in rocks come into contact with oxygen, they can oxidize and form iron oxide, more commonly known as rust. This process weakens the rock and makes it more susceptible to further weathering. 3. **Carbonation** is the chemical weathering process associated with the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water, forming carbonic acid. This acid reacts with minerals such as calcium carbonate (present in rocks like limestone and marble), leading to their dissolution. Carbonation is a common process in regions with a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or in areas where water with dissolved carbon dioxide comes into contact with rocks. In conclusion, **frost action** is not a process of chemical weathering but rather a form of physical weathering. Hydrolysis, oxidation, and carbonation, on the other hand, are all examples of chemical weathering processes that contribute to the degradation and alteration of rocks over time.

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Nigeria's biggest export is crude oil, a commodity that represents over three-quaters(78.7%) of its total exported goods by value.

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Plateaux formed together with fold mountains are best described as "intermountain plateaus." Intermountain plateaus are large, elevated flat lands that are found between different mountain ranges. These plateaus are typically formed when tectonic forces cause the Earth's crust to buckle and fold, creating fold mountains. As these mountains rise, the surrounding areas are also uplifted, resulting in the formation of plateaus. Unlike regular plateaus, intermountain plateaus are not as deeply dissected by erosion. This means that they generally have a more even and flat topography compared to other types of plateaus. However, they still exhibit some degree of ruggedness due to the uplift and folding processes that occurred during their formation. Overall, intermountain plateaus are important features of the Earth's landscape. They provide a transitional zone between mountainous regions and the lower-lying areas beyond, and they often serve as essential water catchment areas, playing a crucial role in supplying water to rivers and streams. Their relatively flat terrain also makes them suitable for human activities such as agriculture and transportation.