JAMB UTME - History - 2020

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is considered a landmark in Nigerian history because it made way for the elective principle. This meant that for the first time, people were able to directly elect some of their representatives to the legislative council. Prior to this, all members of the legislative council were appointed by the governor. The introduction of the elective principle marked a significant step towards greater democratic representation and participation in the governance of the country.

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The United Nations Organization emerged as a result of the collapse of the League of Nations (LON). The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I with the aim of promoting peace and cooperation between nations. However, it failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the failures of the League of Nations, the United Nations was established in 1945 to replace it. The United Nations is an international organization consisting of 193 member states and is dedicated to promoting peace, security, and development around the world. Unlike the League of Nations, the United Nations has been successful in maintaining international peace and stability through diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peacekeeping efforts.

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Illegal West Africa aliens living in Nigeria were expelled during the Buhari/Idiagbon era. In 1983, General Muhammadu Buhari became the military head of state of Nigeria after a military coup. He appointed Major-General Tunde Idiagbon as his deputy. During their regime, a policy was put in place to expel illegal immigrants who were mostly from West Africa, particularly Ghana. The policy was known as the "Aliens Compliance Order" and it gave illegal immigrants a two-week ultimatum to leave the country or face deportation. The policy was part of the government's effort to tackle economic challenges, including high unemployment and a shortage of resources, which were exacerbated by the presence of illegal immigrants. The government also believed that illegal immigrants were responsible for criminal activities and other social problems in the country. As a result of the policy, an estimated two million immigrants, mostly Ghanaians, were forced to leave Nigeria. The move was widely criticized by the international community and human rights groups, who accused the government of violating the rights of the immigrants. However, the Buhari/Idiagbon regime defended the policy, arguing that it was necessary to protect the interests of Nigerians and maintain law and order in the country.

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The first African to be ordained bishop by the Christian missionary school and consecrated as bishop of the Niger territory is Ajayi Crowther. Ajayi Crowther was a Yoruba man from western Nigeria who was captured as a slave when he was a child and taken to Sierra Leone. There, he was rescued by Christian missionaries and educated at the Fourah Bay College in Freetown, where he became a teacher and a Christian missionary. In 1843, Crowther was selected to be part of the Niger expedition, which aimed to explore and open up the River Niger for trade and missionary work. Crowther played a key role in the expedition, acting as an interpreter and mediator between the expedition members and the local communities they encountered. After the expedition, Crowther continued his work as a missionary and was ordained as a deacon in 1847 and later as a priest in 1852. In 1864, he was consecrated as the first African bishop of the Niger territory, which covered the area now known as Nigeria. Crowther is recognized as a pioneer in the spread of Christianity in Nigeria and played a key role in the translation of the Bible into Yoruba and other Nigerian languages. He is also remembered as a symbol of the resilience and determination of Africans in the face of slavery and colonialism.

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The protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 became regions in 1946. This means that Nigeria, which was previously divided into different territories for administrative purposes, was restructured into larger geographic units known as regions. Each region had its own government and was made up of several provinces. The move towards regional governance was part of the process of granting more autonomy to the different parts of Nigeria and laying the foundations for its eventual independence from British colonial rule in 1960.

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The panic that emigration might decline civilization is not a gearing factor towards the Great Trek. The Great Trek was a movement of Boers (Dutch-speaking farmers) who migrated from the British-controlled Cape Colony in South Africa during the 1830s and 1840s. The Boers had a number of reasons for undertaking the Great Trek, including a desire for freedom from British domination, the restoration of their economic, cultural, and political independence, and a fear of conflict on the eastern frontier of South Africa. The Boers believed that the British were encroaching on their way of life and that they needed to establish their own independent republics in order to preserve their culture and traditions. The fear that emigration might decline civilization was not a factor that motivated the Boers to undertake the Great Trek.

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Most Omanis belong to the Ibadhi Muslim faith and are regarded as the followers of Abdullah Ibn Ibad. Ibadism is a branch of Islam that emerged in the early Islamic period and is distinct from the more widely known Sunni and Shia branches. Ibadis believe in the importance of consensus and consultation in matters of governance, and they reject the use of violence in religious disputes. Abdullah Ibn Ibad was a scholar who lived in the early Islamic period and is considered the founder of the Ibadhi branch of Islam. The majority of Oman's population is Ibadhi, and the country has a long history of tolerance and coexistence between different religious communities.

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The first regime to successfully transfer power back to civil rule was Murtala/Obasanjo's regime. Murtala Ramat Muhammed became the head of state of Nigeria in a military coup in July 1975. He ruled for about 8 months before he was assassinated. Olusegun Obasanjo, his deputy, took over and ruled for about two and a half years before he handed over power to a civilian government in 1979, marking the end of military rule in Nigeria and the beginning of the country's second republic.

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The Efik serve as middlemen between the white traders on the coast and the inland tribes of Cross River. This means that they act as intermediaries or go-betweens who facilitate trade and communication between these two groups. The Efik were skilled traders who were able to navigate the complex trade networks of the region, and they played an important role in the exchange of goods and services between the coast and the interior. They were also able to use their knowledge of the region and its people to negotiate fair deals and resolve disputes, making them valuable helpers and mediators in the trade process.

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Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years. Nelson Mandela was a leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and an opponent of the apartheid system in South Africa. He was arrested in 1962 and charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government. He was sentenced to life in prison and was incarcerated for 27 years, most of which was spent on Robben Island. Despite his long imprisonment, Nelson Mandela remained a symbol of resistance against apartheid and a powerful voice for equality and justice. His release in 1990 was a major turning point in the struggle against apartheid, and he went on to become the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

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The main factor that led to depopulation of Nigerians around 1715 to 1789 was the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This involved the capture, transport, and sale of millions of African people, including Nigerians, to European slave traders who took them across the Atlantic to work on plantations and in mines in the Americas. The slave trade resulted in significant loss of life, separation of families, and displacement of communities, which led to depopulation in many parts of Nigeria and other African countries.

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The 1959 general election in Nigeria was between three political parties: the Action Group (AG), the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), and the Northern People's Congress (NPC).

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The strained relationship between Nigeria and Britain during Murtala/Obasanjo's regime in 1975 led to the nationalization of British petroleum and Barclays bank. This means that the Nigerian government took control of these companies and made them state-owned. This move was seen as a way for Nigeria to assert its independence from Britain and to take control of its own resources. The nationalization of these companies caused some tension between Nigeria and Britain, but it was also seen as a way to promote economic growth and development in Nigeria.

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The General Assembly is not an organ of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was established to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries. The main organs of OPEC are the Conference, the Board of Governors, and the Secretariat. The Conference is the supreme authority of OPEC and is comprised of representatives from each member country. The Board of Governors is responsible for overseeing the implementation of OPEC's policies and decisions, while the Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization.

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Due to colonialism, the new day Nigeria now has English as her official language. Nigeria was colonized by the British from the late 19th century until it gained its independence in 1960. During the period of British colonial rule, the English language was introduced and used as the official language for administrative purposes. After independence, English continued to be used as the official language for governance, education, business, and other formal communication. Today, English is spoken by the majority of Nigerians and serves as a unifying language for the country's diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. While Pidgin and Hausa are widely spoken in Nigeria, they are not official languages. French, on the other hand, was not introduced by the colonial authorities in Nigeria since Nigeria was not colonized by the French.

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The Scramble of Africans by Europeans in 1884/85 Berlin Conference made Nigeria a British West Africa colony. In the late 1800s, European countries were rushing to colonize and control as much of Africa as they could. They did this through a process known as the "Scramble for Africa". At the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885, European countries met and divided up Africa among themselves, with each country claiming certain territories. As a result of this scramble, Nigeria became a British colony in West Africa. The British ruled Nigeria until 1960, when the country gained its independence.

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The Muslim reform movement has grown due to inspiration from Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries. However, Argentina is not typically recognized as a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement. Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries have all seen significant political and social changes in recent years, which have led to increased interest in reforming traditional interpretations of Islam. These changes have been driven by a variety of factors, including political instability, economic hardship, and social inequality. As a result, many Muslims in these regions have sought new ways to practice their faith and have turned to reform movements as a means of achieving this. In contrast, Argentina is not typically recognized as a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement. While there is a small Muslim community in Argentina, it is not a major center of Islamic scholarship or activism. Therefore, it is less likely to be a source of inspiration for the Muslim reform movement compared to Pakistan, North Africa, and Arab countries.

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The correct answer is "Queen mother, Magira," as she played a prominent role in the government of the Kanem-Borno empire. The Kanem-Borno empire was a pre-colonial state located in what is now northeastern Nigeria and eastern Chad. It was known for its powerful military and extensive trade networks, and it controlled a large area of the Sahel region of Africa. Queen mother Magira was a key figure in the Kanem-Borno empire's government, serving as an advisor to the king and playing an important role in the selection of his successors. She was also responsible for overseeing the education and training of young princes, helping to ensure that they were prepared to take on the responsibilities of ruling the empire. Magira's position as queen mother gave her a great deal of influence and power within the empire, and her role in governance was widely recognized and respected. Her contributions to the Kanem-Borno empire's political and cultural life have been recognized by historians and scholars, making her a significant figure in the history of Africa.

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The Portuguese were the first set of people to land on the present day Nigeria territory for trading activities. In the late 15th century, the Portuguese began exploring the West African coast, seeking a direct sea route to Asia for trade. In 1471, the Portuguese explorer, Rui de Sequeira, landed on the coast of what is now Nigeria and established trade relations with the local people. The Portuguese were particularly interested in trading for gold, ivory, and pepper, which they found in abundance in the region. They established trade posts and forts along the coast, including in Lagos, which became a major center for trade and commerce. The Portuguese also introduced Christianity to the region and attempted to establish a permanent settlement in the area, but they were met with resistance from the local rulers and were eventually driven out. Overall, the Portuguese played a significant role in the early European exploration and exploitation of West Africa, including what is now Nigeria. They were the first Europeans to establish contact with the local people and to begin trading for valuable resources in the region.

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Exploitation is not a social development under colonial rule. Under colonial rule, exploitation was a means for the colonizers to extract resources and labor from the colonized people. This often led to the oppression and marginalization of the colonized people, rather than a social development. Trade relations, the establishment of a common legal system, and the emergence of the press are all social developments that occurred under colonial rule. Trade relations led to the exchange of goods and ideas between different regions and cultures, while the establishment of a common legal system provided a framework for resolving disputes and enforcing laws. The emergence of the press allowed for the dissemination of information and the formation of public opinion.

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The three existing groups before the creation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963 were the Casablanca Group, the Brazzaville Group, and the Monrovia Group. The Casablanca Group was made up of African countries that supported a more unified, federal approach to African independence and the formation of a united African state. It included countries such as Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Libya, and Morocco. The Brazzaville Group, on the other hand, was made up of African countries that supported a more gradual, step-by-step approach to African unity and independence. This group included countries such as Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, and Madagascar. The Monrovia Group was made up of African countries that were considered more aligned with the Western powers and supported a more conservative, non-aligned approach to African unity and independence. It included countries such as Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. These groups had different ideas about how to achieve African unity and independence, and their different perspectives and approaches eventually led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963, which aimed to promote unity and cooperation among African nations.

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