JAMB UTME - Geography - 2014

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Shale is a type of sedimentary rock that is formed from tiny particles called "sediments". These sediments are made up of different materials that have been weathered and eroded from other rocks or minerals. The most common type of sediment that makes up shale is called "clay". Clay particles are very small and fine, and they stick together easily when wet. Other types of sediment that can be found in shale include tiny grains of sand and small fragments of minerals like quartz and calcite. When these sediments are deposited in layers over time, they become compacted and cemented together to form a solid rock known as shale. Shale is typically characterized by its fine-grained texture and its ability to split easily into thin layers or sheets.

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The rock that is characterized by layer formation and strata is sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and lithification (compaction and cementation) of sedimentary materials such as sand, silt, and clay. These materials are often deposited in layers, or strata, which can vary in thickness and composition. Over time, these layers can become compacted and cemented together to form sedimentary rock. The layers of sedimentary rock can contain a record of the history of the area where they were formed, including information about past environmental conditions, the types of organisms that lived there, and even evidence of past geological events like earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Examples of sedimentary rocks include sandstone, shale, limestone, and conglomerate. These rocks can be found in many different environments, including riverbeds, oceans, deserts, and even on mountain slopes.

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A line drawn on a map to show places of equal temperature is known as an isotherm. An isotherm is a line on a map that connects points with the same temperature. It is used to show the distribution of temperature across a region, and can help to visualize patterns in temperature and identify areas with similar temperatures. Isotherms are commonly used in weather maps and climate studies to help understand the patterns of temperature and how they vary over time and across different regions. By looking at the location and shape of isotherms, scientists and meteorologists can gain valuable insights into the climate and weather patterns of a region.

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In chain surveying, the basic principle is to measure distances. The method involves using a chain, or tape, to physically measure the length of straight lines between points on a property or piece of land. These measurements are then used to determine the size, shape, and location of features on the land, such as buildings, boundaries, and topographical features. The distances measured with the chain serve as the building blocks for creating a detailed survey of the area.

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Dairy farming is an example of intensive farming commonly practiced in Denmark. Denmark is a country with a long tradition of dairy farming, and it is one of the world's largest exporters of dairy products. The country's mild climate, fertile soil, and abundant rainfall make it well-suited for dairy farming. In addition, Denmark has invested heavily in research and technology to improve the efficiency and productivity of its dairy industry. Intensive farming is a type of agriculture that aims to maximize production by using high levels of inputs such as fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides. It typically involves large-scale operations with high-density animal populations and specialized equipment and facilities. While dairy farming is practiced in many countries, it is particularly common in Denmark due to the country's favorable climate and agricultural policies. In contrast, countries like Niger, which have a more arid climate and less developed agricultural sector, are less likely to engage in intensive dairy farming. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is dairy farming is an example of intensive farming commonly practiced in Denmark.

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The growth rate of population is determined by birth and death rates. Birth rate refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population over a certain period of time. Death rate, on the other hand, refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population over the same period of time. These two rates together determine the growth rate of a population. If the birth rate is higher than the death rate, then the population will grow. If the death rate is higher than the birth rate, then the population will decline. If the birth and death rates are roughly equal, then the population will remain stable. Various factors can influence birth and death rates, including access to healthcare, education, economic development, and cultural norms. For example, in areas where access to healthcare and education is limited, birth rates may be higher due to a lack of family planning resources and limited knowledge about contraception. In areas where there are high levels of poverty and limited economic opportunities, death rates may be higher due to malnutrition, disease, and other factors. Improvements in agriculture and technological know-how can indirectly affect birth and death rates by improving living standards, increasing access to healthcare and education, and creating economic opportunities. However, these factors do not directly determine population growth rate; birth and death rates are the key drivers of population growth or decline.

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The relatively low level of rail transport development in tropical Africa has placed undue pressure on roads. Rail transport is an important mode of transportation that helps to move people and goods efficiently over long distances. However, in tropical Africa, the development of rail transport has been relatively low compared to other regions of the world. This has resulted in a situation where roads are the primary means of transportation for most people and goods. The heavy reliance on roads for transportation has placed undue pressure on the road network, which was not designed to handle such high volumes of traffic. As a result, many roads in tropical Africa are in poor condition, making transportation difficult and expensive. This has also led to an increase in accidents and deaths on the roads. In addition to the problems associated with road transport, the low level of rail transport development in tropical Africa has also had economic implications. For example, it has limited the ability of African countries to trade with each other and with the rest of the world, as goods are more expensive to transport by road. This has also made it difficult for African countries to develop their economies and to compete in the global market. Therefore, the relatively low level of rail transport development in tropical Africa has placed undue pressure on roads, leading to problems with transportation, safety, and economic development.

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Volcanoes are considered natural resources because they provide fertile soil. The ash and lava that are expelled from a volcano contain minerals and nutrients that are essential for plant growth. When these materials cool and settle, they form a layer of fertile soil that can be used for agriculture. This soil is highly sought after for its ability to support the growth of crops and sustain healthy plant life. Additionally, the minerals and nutrients in the soil can also be used in a variety of industrial processes, making it a valuable resource.

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Animals are a component of a biotic community. A biotic community is a group of living organisms that interact with each other and their environment within a particular area or ecosystem. It includes all living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. Rocks, water, and gases, on the other hand, are abiotic components of an ecosystem. Abiotic components are the non-living parts of an ecosystem that influence the living organisms within it. Rocks provide a physical structure for the environment, water provides a source of hydration for organisms, and gases provide atmospheric composition. Animals, as living organisms, play an important role in the biotic community. They interact with other living things, such as plants and other animals, and with their physical environment. They consume other organisms for food, help to pollinate plants, and contribute to nutrient cycling through processes like decomposition. Animals also play an important role in the food web of an ecosystem, acting as both predators and prey, and helping to maintain balance within the community. Therefore, animals are an essential component of a biotic community.

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A favorable condition for a settlement site is having adequate water supply. Water is essential for human survival, and settlements have historically formed around reliable sources of water, such as rivers, lakes, and springs. Having an adequate water supply allows for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and irrigation for crops, which are all necessary for sustaining a community. While natural vegetation and mountainous terrain can provide some benefits, such as protection and resources, they do not provide the same level of necessity as water. In fact, dense natural vegetation can make it difficult to build and farm, while mountainous terrain can limit space for expansion. Marshy fadama areas can also provide some benefits, such as fertile soil for farming, but they can also be prone to flooding and disease-carrying insects. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is having adequate water supply is a favorable condition for a settlement site.

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Precipitation is an element of weather. Precipitation refers to any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. Precipitation is a critical component of the Earth's water cycle, as it helps to distribute water from the atmosphere to the land and oceans. Precipitation also plays a key role in the weather, as it can affect temperature, air pressure, and wind patterns. The amount and type of precipitation that falls in a specific area can have a major impact on the local climate, as well as the plants, animals, and people that live there.

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The most accurate term to describe the farming practices in Britain and many parts of Europe that involve both growing crops (such as wheat, corn, and vegetables) and raising animals (such as cows, sheep, and pigs) is "mixed farming". In mixed farming, farmers grow crops and raise animals at the same time, using the land and resources available to them to produce a variety of food products. This type of farming allows farmers to utilize their land and resources in the most efficient way possible, and helps to ensure a stable food supply for the local community.

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High annual rainfall of at least 1520 mm, well distributed throughout the year with the heaviest during the growing season is most suitable for the production of rice. Rice is a staple crop that requires a lot of water to grow. The high annual rainfall and well-distributed rainfall throughout the year provides the water that the rice plants need to grow and produce a good crop. Additionally, the heaviest rainfall occurring during the growing season ensures that the rice plants have enough water when they need it most, which is essential for their development and growth. Rice is a highly adaptable crop that can grow in a variety of conditions, but the high rainfall and well-distributed rainfall make it ideal for production.

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The intrusive landform produced when magma is cooled within the Earth's surface is a batholith. A batholith is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock that is formed by the slow cooling and solidification of magma deep beneath the Earth's surface. When magma rises up from the Earth's mantle and cools underground, it can form large bodies of rock that can be exposed over time through erosion and uplift. These bodies of rock can range in size from a few kilometers to hundreds of kilometers across, and can be found all around the world. Batholiths are often made up of granitic rock, which is a type of igneous rock that is rich in minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. They are typically very hard and resistant to erosion, which is why they often form prominent features in the landscape such as mountains and ridges. Some well-known examples of batholiths include the Sierra Nevada Batholith in California, the Coast Mountains Batholith in British Columbia, and the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.

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The largest producer of timber in Africa is Cote d'Ivoire. Cote d'Ivoire has a large forest industry that produces a significant amount of timber, making it the largest producer of timber in Africa. The country's abundant forests and favorable climate conditions make it well-suited for growing fast-growing hardwoods and softwoods, which are used in a variety of applications, including construction, furniture, and paper products. Additionally, the government of Cote d'Ivoire has made significant investments in the forestry sector to support its growth and development.

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The population characteristic that is best related to African countries is high birth rate and low death rate. African countries are known for having high birth rates, which means that a large number of children are born each year. At the same time, improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and access to clean water have resulted in a decrease in the death rate. This means that people are living longer and healthier lives. The combination of high birth rates and low death rates has resulted in rapid population growth in many African countries. This population growth can put pressure on resources such as food, housing, and healthcare. It is worth noting that while this characteristic is generally associated with African countries, it is not exclusive to them. Other regions, such as parts of Asia and Latin America, also have high birth rates and low death rates.

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Some lakes can be seasonal because they are located in hot deserts. In these areas, there is often limited rainfall and the water sources that feed the lakes can dry up during certain times of the year. This results in the lake becoming seasonal, with water levels rising and falling depending on the amount of rainfall and evaporation. In contrast, lakes in humid areas are usually fed by a constant source of water and are less likely to be seasonal. In high altitudes, the temperature can be too cold for a lake to form, and the landscape may be dominated by glaciers and snowfields. In cool temperate margins, the climate is mild and there is often enough rainfall to sustain a lake throughout the year.

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Mercury completes its orbit in a much shorter space of time. Orbit refers to the path an object takes around another object in space. In our solar system, each planet orbits around the sun. The time it takes for a planet to complete one orbit around the sun is called its orbital period or year. Mercury is the planet closest to the sun, and it has the shortest orbital period of any planet in our solar system. It completes one orbit around the sun in just 88 Earth days. In comparison, Venus takes 225 days, Earth takes 365 days, Mars takes 687 days, Jupiter takes 12 years, Saturn takes 29 years, Uranus takes 84 years, and Neptune takes 165 years to complete their orbits. So, Mercury completes its orbit in a much shorter space of time than the other planets listed in the question.

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The reason for seasonal migration of nomadic herdsmen is for the search of water and good grazing. Nomadic herdsmen are people who move from one place to another with their animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, in search of food and water for their herds. In many areas, the availability of water and grass changes with the seasons, so the herdsmen must move to different locations to find the resources their animals need. During dry seasons, they may move to areas with more water, while during wet seasons they may move to areas with better grass for their animals to graze on. This pattern of migration has been a way of life for many nomadic herdsmen for thousands of years and is essential for their survival and the survival of their animals.

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Organic sedimentary rocks are formed from the remains of living organisms. Over time, the remains of plants and animals can accumulate in layers and become buried by sediment. As more sediment accumulates on top, the pressure and temperature can cause the remains to compact and cement together, forming rock. Examples of organic sedimentary rocks include coal, which is formed from the remains of ancient plants, and limestone, which can contain the remains of marine organisms like shells and coral. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that organic sedimentary rocks are formed from the remains of living organisms.

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Developing countries mostly engage in primary economic activities because of underdevelopment. Primary economic activities involve the extraction and harvesting of natural resources, such as agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry. These activities are typically the first step in the economic development of a country, as they provide the raw materials and resources necessary for the production of goods and services. Developing countries often lack the infrastructure, technology, and capital necessary to engage in more advanced economic activities, such as manufacturing or services. As a result, they tend to rely heavily on primary economic activities as a means of generating income and supporting their populations. Underdevelopment refers to the lack of economic and social development in a country, which can be caused by a range of factors, including poverty, weak institutions, and limited access to education and healthcare. Developing countries may struggle to move beyond primary economic activities due to these underlying conditions, which make it difficult to attract foreign investment, develop industries, and create jobs. In contrast, interdependence refers to the mutual reliance of countries on each other for trade and economic growth. Overdependency refers to an excessive reliance on a particular industry or country for economic growth. Colonization refers to the historical practice of one country exerting political and economic control over another country or region. While these factors may have influenced the development trajectories of certain countries, they are not the primary explanation for why developing countries engage in primary economic activities.

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The main industry associated with the Ruhr Valley region is iron and steel. The Ruhr Valley is a heavily industrialized region in western Germany that has a long history of coal mining and iron and steel production. The region's natural resources, including coal, iron ore, and limestone, have played a crucial role in the development of its heavy industry. Iron and steel production involves the extraction of iron from iron ore and the conversion of that iron into steel. The process requires a large amount of energy, which is typically provided by coal-fired power plants. The Ruhr Valley's coal deposits have made it an ideal location for iron and steel production, and the industry has been a major driver of the region's economy for decades. While other industries, such as oil refining and food manufacturing, are also present in the region, they are not as closely associated with the Ruhr Valley's identity as the iron and steel industry. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is iron and steel is the main industry associated with the Ruhr Valley region.

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The type of coal that burns with great heat and very little smoke is anthracite. Anthracite is a hard, shiny, black coal that is found mainly in the eastern regions of the United States. It is the highest grade of coal and contains a high percentage of carbon, which makes it burn very cleanly with very little smoke. Due to its high carbon content, anthracite burns with intense heat and produces very little ash. It is often used in residential and commercial heating systems, such as furnaces and boilers. It is also used in the production of steel and other industrial applications. In contrast, lignite is a softer and less dense type of coal that burns less efficiently than anthracite. Steam coal is a bituminous coal that is often used to generate electricity in power plants. Peat is a precursor to coal that is formed from the decay of organic matter and is used mainly for fuel and gardening purposes.

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The main factor that influenced the growth of the Ruhr Valley was industrialization. The Ruhr Valley was rich in coal and iron ore, which were essential resources for the growth of heavy industries like steel and machinery. The availability of these resources, combined with the good transportation network and the presence of a large workforce, made the Ruhr Valley an attractive location for industrial development. This led to a rapid growth of the region's economy and population. Soil fertility, good climate, and agriculture also played a role, but industrialization was the driving force behind the growth of the Ruhr Valley.

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The term used to describe the vegetation type of the Amazon Basin is "selvas." Selvas refer to the tropical rainforests that are found in the Amazon Basin and surrounding areas. The Amazon rainforest is the largest and most diverse rainforest in the world, covering an area of over 5.5 million square kilometers across nine countries in South America. The vegetation in the selvas is characterized by dense and lush plant growth, with a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and other plants. The region is known for its high levels of biodiversity, with many unique and endemic species found nowhere else in the world. The climate in the Amazon Basin is warm and humid, with high levels of rainfall throughout the year. This creates ideal conditions for plant growth and supports the diverse and abundant vegetation of the selvas. Overall, the selvas of the Amazon Basin are a unique and important ecosystem that provide habitat for countless plant and animal species, as well as important ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and regulation of the water cycle.

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Dispersed rural settlements are most likely to be found in areas with abundant agriculture land and good surface drainage. This means that the area has a lot of land that can be used for farming and the water drains well, making it easier for crops to grow. When there is plenty of fertile land and good drainage, people are more likely to settle in the area and build their homes and farms there. This type of settlement pattern is typical in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the residents.

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Mercury completes its orbits in a much shorter space of time compared to the other planets. Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun in our solar system and has a much smaller orbit than the other planets. As a result, it takes much less time for Mercury to complete one orbit around the Sun compared to the other planets. This means that a year on Mercury is much shorter than a year on Earth, which takes 365.25 days to complete one orbit around the Sun. In contrast, a year on Mercury is just 88 Earth days long, which is much shorter than the other planets in our solar system.

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The main factor influencing the location of manufacturing industries in West Africa is the nearness to raw materials. Raw materials are the basic materials that are used to manufacture goods. In the case of manufacturing industries, raw materials are often natural resources such as minerals, agricultural products, and other raw materials that are necessary for the production of goods. Therefore, the proximity of manufacturing industries to sources of raw materials is a key factor in determining their location. West Africa is home to a variety of natural resources that are used in manufacturing, including oil, natural gas, minerals, and agricultural products. As a result, many manufacturing industries in West Africa are located close to areas where these resources are abundant. Other factors, such as good transportation networks, adequate physical development, and rapid population growth, can also influence the location of manufacturing industries. However, the availability of raw materials is often the primary factor in determining the location of manufacturing industries in West Africa.

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Secondary economic activities involve the processing of raw materials. In economic terms, raw materials are natural resources that have not yet been processed or manufactured into a finished product. For example, timber, iron ore, and crude oil are all raw materials. Secondary economic activities involve taking these raw materials and processing them into finished products. This can include manufacturing goods such as steel, textiles, or chemicals. In the process of manufacturing, raw materials are transformed into finished goods that are ready for distribution and consumption. Secondary economic activities also include the packaging and distribution of finished goods, but these are the final steps in the process. The initial step is the processing of raw materials into finished goods. Overall, secondary economic activities are an important part of a country's economy, as they add value to raw materials and create finished products that can be sold and traded domestically and internationally.

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The Red Sea has the highest salinity among the seas listed. Salinity refers to the amount of salt in the seawater. The Red Sea is located in a hot and arid region, which means that the water evaporates more quickly than it can be replenished by rivers or other sources. This results in an increase in the concentration of salt in the water, making the Red Sea one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world.

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