WAEC SSCE - Data Processing - 2016

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The moral principles that regulate the use of computers, its accessories, and environment are called "ethics". Computer ethics refer to a set of moral principles and standards of behavior that guide the use of computers and information technology. These principles help to ensure that computer users behave in an ethical and responsible manner when using technology. This includes issues such as privacy, security, intellectual property rights, and responsible use of resources. For example, it is unethical to hack into someone's computer without their permission, or to use someone else's work without giving them proper credit or compensation. It is also unethical to use technology to harass or bully others, or to use computer resources in a way that wastes energy or other valuable resources. In summary, computer ethics are a set of moral principles that guide the behavior of computer users, with the aim of ensuring responsible and ethical use of technology.

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Computer viruses can be transmitted through downloading files, e-mail attachments, and pen drives. However, computer viruses cannot be transmitted by typing on a keyboard. A computer virus is a type of malicious software that can replicate itself and spread to other computers or devices. Computer viruses can be transmitted through various means, such as infected files, e-mail attachments, or removable media like pen drives or USB drives. However, typing on a keyboard does not involve the transmission or exchange of any files or data that could carry a computer virus. While a computer virus can infect a computer through a keyboard input, such as downloading a malicious file or visiting an infected website, the actual act of typing on a keyboard does not transmit a virus on its own. In summary, computer viruses can be transmitted through downloading files, e-mail attachments, and pen drives, but not through typing on a keyboard. It's important to be careful and cautious when downloading files or opening attachments to prevent the spread of computer viruses.

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The rules for exchanging data on a network are known as "protocols". These protocols are a set of rules that determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control of data communication over a network. They provide a common language that allows different devices to communicate with each other efficiently and effectively. Without protocols, devices on a network would not be able to exchange information in a reliable and consistent way. Examples of network protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

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The feature in a browser which enables users to open the latest copy of a webpage is called "Refresh" or "Reload". This feature allows you to reload the current webpage and display the most up-to-date version of the page. When you click the "Refresh" or "Reload" button in your web browser, it sends a new request to the website's server and retrieves the latest version of the webpage, including any changes or updates that may have been made since you last accessed the page. This is useful if you are visiting a frequently updated webpage, such as a news site or a social media platform, and want to ensure that you are viewing the most recent information. In summary, the Refresh or Reload button is a convenient feature that allows users to update a webpage with the latest version of the content.

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The option that is not used for online shopping is "Sim card". Sim card is a small chip that is used to authenticate and connect your mobile phone to a cellular network. It does not have any functionality or security features that would enable it to be used for online shopping. On the other hand, "MasterCard", "Credit card", and "Verve card" are all types of payment cards that are commonly used for online shopping. They are designed to provide a secure and convenient way to make purchases online by using encrypted technology and authentication protocols to protect your financial information. MasterCard and Credit cards are accepted globally and can be used to make purchases on most online shopping platforms. Verve card is a Nigerian payment card that is widely used for online shopping within Nigeria. It's important to note that when shopping online, it's always recommended to use a secure and trusted payment method to protect your personal and financial information from potential fraud.

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The correct statement is: "X can process twice as much data as Y at the same time." The word size of a processor determines the maximum amount of data that it can handle at once. A processor with a larger word size can handle more data at once than a processor with a smaller word size. In this case, the word size of X is 32 bits, while the word size of Y is 16 bits. This means that X can handle 2^32 (or 4,294,967,296) unique combinations of bits at once, while Y can handle 2^16 (or 65,536) unique combinations of bits at once. Since X can handle more unique combinations of bits at once than Y, it can process more data at once. Specifically, X can handle twice as much data as Y at the same time.

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The package that could be used by a Data processing teacher to design a website for a school is Front Page. Front Page is a web development tool that allows users to create, edit and publish web pages. It provides features such as templates, wizards, and drag-and-drop tools for easy web page creation. With Front Page, the teacher can design the website for the school with ease and can also add interactive features such as forms, multimedia content, and other web-based applications. Pagemaker, PowerPoint, and Word Perfect are not web development tools and do not have the necessary features needed to design and publish a website.

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The formula used to obtain the value in cell E2 is: = B2 + C2 - D2 This is because the net salary is calculated by subtracting the total deduction from the sum of the basic salary and total allowance. In the worksheet, the basic salary is in column B, total allowance is in column C, and total deduction is in column D. Therefore, to calculate the net salary for the first staff, we need to add the values in B2 and C2, and then subtract the value in D2, giving the formula = B2 + C2 - D2. Option (a) is the correct formula for calculating the net salary in cell E2. Option (b) adds the deduction instead of subtracting it, divides the sum by 3, which is not applicable to the calculation of net salary, and subtracts only the total deduction from the total allowance, which does not give the correct net salary.

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In a relational model, a "tuple" refers to a "row of a table". In a relational database, data is organized into tables, which consist of rows and columns. Each row in a table represents a single instance of the entity or object that the table represents. For example, in a "Customers" table, each row would represent a single customer. A tuple is a single row within a table. It contains a collection of values, with each value representing a single attribute or column in the table. For example, a tuple in the "Customers" table might contain values for the customer's name, address, phone number, and email address. Tuples can be used to retrieve and manipulate data in a relational database. They are often used in conjunction with SQL (Structured Query Language) statements to select, update, or delete specific rows of data within a table. It's important to note that a tuple is not the same as a key of a table or a column of a table. A key is a column or combination of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table, while a column is a vertical set of values within a table.

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The first digital electrical computer was developed by Mauchly and Eckert. They created the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in the 1940s. The ENIAC was a huge machine that weighed over 27 tons and used thousands of vacuum tubes to perform calculations. It was used primarily for military calculations during World War II, but it was also used for scientific research and business applications. The development of the ENIAC paved the way for the modern digital computer, which has become an essential tool in our everyday lives.

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The negative impact of ICT in education is plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own without proper acknowledgment or citation. With the widespread use of ICT tools such as the internet, students can easily copy and paste information from online sources without proper citation, leading to plagiarism. This can result in a decline in the quality of education, as students may not be learning how to properly conduct research and cite sources. In addition, plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty that can result in disciplinary action and damage the reputation of the educational institution.

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A technician can protect themselves from electronic discharge by using a wrist strap. Electronic discharge, also known as electrostatic discharge (ESD), is a sudden flow of electricity between two electrically charged objects caused by contact, an electrical short, or a dielectric breakdown. It can occur when a technician touches a computer component, such as a circuit board or memory chip, which can cause permanent damage to the component. A wrist strap is an anti-static device that helps to prevent ESD by grounding the technician's body to a known electrical ground, such as a grounded metal object or an electrical outlet. The wrist strap is typically worn around the technician's wrist and connected to a conductive surface or an ESD mat, which helps to dissipate any electrical charge that may build up on the technician's body. By using a wrist strap, the technician can discharge any static electricity from their body and prevent the buildup of any further static electricity that could damage the computer component. In summary, a wrist strap is an anti-static device that helps to prevent electronic discharge and protect computer components from damage. Technicians use wrist straps to ground themselves and dissipate any electrical charge that may build up on their body.

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Computers store data as files. A file is a collection of data that is stored on a computer's storage device, such as a hard drive or solid-state drive. Files can contain many different types of data, such as text, images, videos, and program code. Files are organized into folders or directories, which are used to group related files together. Folders can contain files, as well as other folders, creating a hierarchical structure for organizing and accessing data. Documents, on the other hand, are a specific type of file that contain text, such as a word processing document, spreadsheet, or presentation. Documents are typically created and edited using specialized software, such as Microsoft Word, Excel, or PowerPoint. In summary, computers store data as files, which can be organized into folders or directories for easier management and access. While documents are a specific type of file, files can contain many different types of data beyond just text documents.

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The computer professional who studies an existing system with the goal of developing a computer-based system from it is called a system analyst. A system analyst's job is to examine an existing system and determine how it works, what its limitations are, and what can be done to improve it. They use this information to design a new computer-based system that meets the organization's needs, and work with programmers and engineers to develop and implement it. In simpler terms, a system analyst is like an architect who examines a building to see how it can be renovated or expanded to better suit the needs of its occupants. Instead of working with physical structures, a system analyst works with computer systems.

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The term that describes routine checks and operations on a computer to ensure its continuous functioning is called computer maintenance. Computer maintenance involves regular checks, cleaning, and updates to keep the computer running efficiently and prevent potential problems. These tasks may include virus scans, software updates, hardware cleaning, and backups of important data. The goal of computer maintenance is to keep the computer in good condition and prevent issues that can lead to downtime, data loss, or even complete system failure. By regularly maintaining the computer, it can run smoothly and efficiently, saving time and money in the long run. To use an analogy, just like a car needs regular oil changes, tire rotations, and other maintenance to ensure it runs properly and lasts longer, a computer needs routine maintenance to ensure it functions properly and lasts longer as well.

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If the records of students are kept in order of their arrival and the latest record would be retrieved first, then the appropriate file access method would be "sequential." Sequential file access involves accessing records in a particular order, such as the order in which they were added to the file. In this case, the records of students are kept in order of their arrival, so a sequential file access method would be used to access their records. When a sequential file is accessed, each record is read one after another until the desired record is found. In this case, the latest record would be the last record in the file, so the program would read through all the previous records until it reaches the end of the file and finds the latest record. Direct file access involves accessing records based on their physical location on the storage medium, while indexed file access involves using a separate index file to locate records. Batch file processing involves processing multiple jobs or tasks at once, rather than one at a time. In summary, if the records of students are kept in order of their arrival and the latest record would be retrieved first, the appropriate file access method would be "sequential."

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The performance of a computer can be enhanced by increasing its memory size. Memory is where the computer stores and accesses data that it needs to run programs and perform tasks. When there is not enough memory available, the computer has to use the hard drive as a substitute, which slows down its performance. By adding more memory to the computer, it can quickly access and process data, making it run faster and more efficiently. Using large monitors, faster printers, or installing a scanner do not directly enhance the computer's performance, but they can improve the user's experience and productivity.

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The generation of computers that made use of integrated circuits is the third generation of computers. Integrated circuits (ICs) are small chips that contain multiple electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, on a single piece of semiconductor material. They were first developed in the late 1950s and were gradually used in computer technology during the 1960s. The third generation of computers, which spanned from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, was characterized by the use of integrated circuits to replace the larger and less reliable transistors used in the previous generation of computers. This resulted in smaller, faster, and more reliable computers that were also cheaper to manufacture. The third generation of computers also saw the development of time-sharing operating systems, which allowed multiple users to access a computer simultaneously, and the invention of high-level programming languages, such as COBOL and FORTRAN. To summarize, the third generation of computers made use of integrated circuits, resulting in smaller, faster, and more reliable computers that were cheaper to produce.

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Relationships between tables in a relational model are created by using "foreign keys". In a relational database, each table is made up of rows and columns, with each row representing a single record and each column representing a specific attribute of that record. Tables can be related to each other by using common columns that have matching values. A foreign key is a column or combination of columns in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It acts as a link between the two tables, allowing them to be joined together to retrieve related data. For example, if you have a "Customers" table and an "Orders" table, you might use the "CustomerID" column in the Orders table as a foreign key to link the two tables together. This would allow you to retrieve all the orders placed by a specific customer by joining the two tables using the foreign key. Determinants, composite keys, and candidate keys are all concepts related to database design and normalization, but they do not directly create relationships between tables in a relational model.

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The parts of a computer processor are the control unit and the ALU. The control unit is responsible for directing the flow of data and instructions within the processor. It retrieves instructions from memory and decodes them into a series of commands that the processor can understand. The ALU, or Arithmetic Logic Unit, is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations on data. It can perform basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as more complex operations like bitwise operations and comparisons. While main memory and storage are important components of a computer system, they are not part of the processor itself. Main memory is used to temporarily store data and instructions that are currently being processed by the processor, while storage is used to store data and programs that are not currently in use. The operating system and applications are software programs that run on the processor and use its resources to perform various tasks, but they are not physical components of the processor itself.

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The feature that is not a part of the drawing tool bar is "Drop Cap". The drawing tool bar usually includes various options for creating shapes, lines, and curves. An oval shape and an arc are both examples of shapes that can be created using the drawing tool bar. A line is used to create straight lines of different lengths and styles. On the other hand, a drop cap is not a shape or line that can be created using the drawing tool bar. Instead, it is a typographic feature used in text formatting where the first letter of a paragraph is enlarged and stylized to add visual interest to the text. Therefore, if you are looking for the option to create a drop cap, you would need to look for it in the text formatting options, rather than the drawing tool bar.

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The prevention of data from corruption and unauthorized access is a function of data "security". Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, and theft. It involves using a variety of tools, techniques, and strategies to keep data safe from external threats such as hackers, cybercriminals, and malware, as well as internal threats such as employee theft or accidental data loss. Data security includes measures such as encryption, firewalls, access controls, and regular backups to ensure that data is not only protected from unauthorized access but also safe from accidental deletion or corruption. Data security is essential in today's digital world, where data breaches and cyber attacks are becoming increasingly common. The consequences of a data breach can be severe, including financial loss, damage to reputation, and legal liabilities. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that data security measures are in place to protect sensitive and confidential information. In summary, data security is a function of protecting data from unauthorized access, corruption, and theft, and it involves various tools, techniques, and strategies to keep data safe from internal and external threats.

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The process of removing an unwanted part of an image in a graphic package is called cropping. Cropping involves selecting a portion of an image and removing the rest. This can be done to remove unwanted elements from a photo or to focus on a specific part of the image. It can also be used to change the aspect ratio or composition of the image. To crop an image, a user selects the crop tool in their graphic package and selects the area they want to keep. The software then removes the rest of the image outside of the selected area. The user can then save the cropped image as a new file or continue to edit it further. To use an analogy, cropping an image is like trimming the edges of a piece of paper to remove unwanted parts and focus on a specific part of the page. It helps to create a more visually appealing and effective composition.

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The alphabetical data in the given options is "Bed". Alphabetical data refers to any sequence of letters from the alphabet. In this case, "Bed" consists of the letters "B", "e", and "d", all of which are letters of the English alphabet. The other options are not alphabetical data. "Ax44jj" includes a combination of letters and numbers, but it is not a sequence of letters from the alphabet. Similarly, "AB+CD" includes letters, but it also includes a symbol, which is not a letter from the alphabet. Finally, "%" is a symbol and not a letter from the alphabet.

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The operation that prevents file loss is "File backup". File backup refers to the process of making a copy of important files and storing them in a separate location from the original files. This ensures that if the original files are lost or damaged, the backup copies can be used to restore the data. In contrast, file conversation, file maintenance, and file sorting are all important file management operations, but they do not necessarily prevent file loss. File conversation refers to the process of converting a file from one format to another, file maintenance involves ensuring that files are organized and up-to-date, and file sorting refers to the process of arranging files in a logical order. While these operations can help to ensure that files are more easily accessible and manageable, they do not provide a safeguard against file loss.

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A television set displays information as "audio-visual signals". Television broadcasts are transmitted as audio-visual signals, which contain both visual (picture) and audio (sound) information. The television set receives these signals through an antenna or cable and then decodes them into pictures and sounds that are displayed on the screen. The visual signal is displayed as a moving image on the screen, made up of pixels that create a picture. The audio signal is played through the TV's speakers, creating sound to accompany the picture. Together, the audio-visual signals provide a complete viewing experience for the audience. While the antenna signals and cable signals provide the means for transmitting the audio-visual signals to the TV, they are not the information displayed on the screen. The information displayed on the screen is the result of the processing of the audio-visual signals by the TV set.

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The factor that is not considered when classifying computers is "Location". When classifying computers, factors such as size, type, and purpose are typically considered. Size refers to the physical dimensions of the computer, while type refers to the general category of the computer (such as desktop, laptop, or tablet). Purpose refers to the intended use of the computer (such as gaming, business, or education). However, location is not typically considered as a factor in classifying computers. While the physical location of a computer may be relevant in certain contexts (such as network topology), it is not a primary consideration when determining the type or category of a computer.

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A server is a computer that provides services to other computers called clients. In computer networking, clients are devices that access the resources or services provided by a server. These resources or services could include files, applications, databases, websites, and printers. When a client requests a service from a server, it sends a request over the network to the server, which processes the request and sends back the requested information or service to the client. The server can handle multiple requests from different clients simultaneously and provide the requested services to all of them. Therefore, a server is designed to provide services to other devices in the network, which are the clients. The other options listed, such as peers, routers, and switches, are not specifically designed to provide services to other devices in the network, although they may play important roles in network communications.

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The data element that uniquely identifies one record from another in a table is called the primary key. In a database table, a primary key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row or record in the table. No two records in the table can have the same value for the primary key column or columns. The primary key plays a critical role in database design and data integrity. It ensures that each record in the table is unique and can be identified and retrieved accurately. In addition, it can be used to create relationships between tables, where the primary key of one table is used as a foreign key in another table. For example, in a table of customer information, the primary key may be a unique customer ID number assigned to each customer. This ensures that each customer record is unique and can be easily retrieved or referenced in other tables. In summary, the primary key is a data element that uniquely identifies each record in a table. It is a critical component of database design and ensures data integrity and accuracy.

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The type of data that consists of various forms such as text, numbers, audio, graphics, and animations is known as "multimedia data." Multimedia data is a combination of different types of information, including text, images, sound, and video. It can be used for a wide range of purposes, from entertainment to education and marketing. Examples of multimedia data include a video with music, images, and captions, an interactive webpage with animations and graphics, and a PowerPoint presentation with text, images, and sound effects. Multimedia data is used in a variety of fields, such as education, entertainment, advertising, and journalism. The data can be used to engage and entertain audiences, provide information, and convey complex ideas in an easy-to-understand format. In summary, multimedia data refers to information that is presented in multiple forms, such as text, numbers, audio, graphics, and animations. It is used for a variety of purposes and can be found in various fields, making it a versatile and valuable type of data.

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A search engine is a "tool that searches the web". A search engine is a software program that searches a database of web pages and provides a list of results that are relevant to the user's search query. The user enters a query into the search engine, and the engine uses complex algorithms to search through billions of web pages to find the most relevant results. Search engines are designed to make it easier for users to find information on the web. They can search for all types of content, including web pages, images, videos, news articles, and more. Popular search engines include Google, Bing, Yahoo!, and DuckDuckGo. It's important to note that search engines do not actually search the entire web. Instead, they search their own database of web pages that have been crawled and indexed by their algorithms. This means that it's possible for some web pages to be excluded from search results if they have not been indexed by the search engine.

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An operating system performs a variety of functions to manage the resources and operations of a computer system. However, it does not protect the system from surges. An operating system is a software program that manages the hardware, software, and other resources of a computer system. It provides a platform for other software programs to run and manages resources such as memory, processing power, and input/output operations. One of the primary functions of an operating system is managing files and folders on a computer system, including organizing and arranging them in a logical manner. It also manages storage locations and determines where data is stored on the computer's hard drive or other storage devices. An operating system also creates user profiles, which allow different users to have their own customized settings and preferences on the same computer system. This includes user-specific settings for the desktop, background images, application preferences, and security settings. However, an operating system does not protect the computer system from surges, which are sudden and brief increases in electrical voltage. To protect against surges, additional hardware such as surge protectors or uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are needed. In summary, an operating system performs a wide range of functions including managing files and folders, storage locations, and creating user profiles. However, it does not protect the system from electrical surges, which require additional hardware protection.

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Microsoft Office is a suite of productivity software developed by Microsoft. It includes various applications for word processing, creating spreadsheets, presentations, and databases. Out of the options listed, CorelDraw is not included in Microsoft Office. CorelDraw is actually a separate software program developed by Corel Corporation. It is a vector graphics editor used for creating vector illustrations, logos, and other types of graphics. It is not part of the Microsoft Office suite of applications. The other options listed, including Word, Access, and PowerPoint, are all part of the Microsoft Office suite. Word is a word processing application used for creating and editing documents, while Access is a database management system used for organizing and storing data. PowerPoint is a presentation software used for creating slideshows and visual presentations.

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In Database Management System (DBMS), linking entities is used to represent relationships between different entities. An entity is an object or concept that is represented in a database, such as a student or a product. Entities are typically represented as tables in a database, with each record in the table representing a specific instance of the entity. Entities can be related to each other in different ways. For example, in a school database, students might be related to their classes, teachers, and grades. Linking entities, also known as relationship entities or associative entities, are used to represent these relationships between entities. Linking entities are tables that are used to connect two or more tables in a database. They contain foreign keys that reference the primary keys of the related tables, establishing the relationship between the entities. Linking entities enable us to represent complex relationships between entities in a clear and organized way. In summary, in Database Management System (DBMS), linking entities are used to represent relationships between different entities in a clear and organized way.

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Data gathering involves the systematic process of collecting, recording and analyzing data. It includes various means such as observation, surveys, experiments, and interviews among others. Out of the options given, all the means mentioned (counting, measuring, and calculating) can be used in data gathering. However, the voting process is not typically used in data gathering as it involves a different type of information gathering, such as collecting opinions or preferences rather than numerical data. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: "the voting process".

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"Telephone" is not an ancient medium for transmitting information. Fire lighting, beating of drums, and whistling are all ancient methods of transmitting information that were used in various cultures and societies before the invention of modern communication technologies. Fire lighting was used to signal messages over long distances, often using a system of smoke signals. Beating of drums was also used as a way of communicating messages over long distances, with different rhythms and patterns used to convey different meanings. Whistling was also used as a means of communication, particularly in areas with dense vegetation where it was difficult to see or hear other people. In some cultures, whistling languages were developed as a way of communicating over long distances. However, the telephone is a modern invention that was first developed in the late 19th century. It revolutionized communication by allowing people to talk to each other in real-time over long distances using electric signals transmitted over wires. In summary, fire lighting, beating of drums, and whistling are all ancient methods of transmitting information, while the telephone is a modern invention that was not used in ancient times.

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(a) Data handling refers to the process of managing and processing data or information using various tools, techniques, and methods. (b) There are two main ways of handling data: 1. Manual data handling: This involves the use of paper-based systems, such as filing cabinets, folders, and index cards, to store, organize, and retrieve data. It also involves manual processing methods, such as counting, sorting, and analyzing data by hand. 2. Electronic data handling: This involves the use of computer-based systems, such as databases, spreadsheets, and data analytics software, to store, process, and analyze data. It also involves automated processing methods, such as using algorithms and machine learning to analyze and interpret data. (c) Four factors to consider when handling data electronically are: 1. Data security: It is important to ensure that data is stored and processed securely to prevent unauthorized access, theft, or loss. This can be achieved by implementing security measures such as encryption, access controls, and backups. 2. Data quality: It is important to ensure that data is accurate, complete, and consistent. This can be achieved by implementing data validation and verification processes, and by training staff on data entry and management best practices. 3. Data privacy: It is important to comply with data protection laws and regulations to protect the privacy of individuals whose data is being processed. This can be achieved by implementing policies and procedures for data collection, use, and sharing. 4. Data accessibility: It is important to ensure that data is easily accessible to authorized users when they need it. This can be achieved by implementing data sharing and collaboration tools, and by providing training and support to staff on how to access and use data.

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(a) Information processing is the manipulation of data or information using a computer or other electronic devices. It involves the input, processing, output, and storage of data. (b) The four steps involved in information processing are: 1. Input: This is the process of gathering and entering data into a computer or other electronic device. Input can be done through various methods, such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, or camera. 2. Processing: This is the stage where the computer or device analyzes, organizes, and manipulates the input data using algorithms and programming logic. Processing can involve tasks such as calculations, sorting, filtering, or searching for specific information. 3. Output: This is the stage where the processed data is presented to the user in a readable and usable format. Output can be in various forms, such as text, graphics, images, or sound. 4. Storage: This is the stage where the processed data is saved and stored for later use. Storage can be done on various devices, such as hard drives, flash drives, or cloud storage. (c) Three advantages of using computers for information processing are: 1. Speed: Computers can process large amounts of data quickly and efficiently, saving time and increasing productivity. 2. Accuracy: Computers are less prone to errors than manual processing, ensuring data accuracy and reducing the risk of mistakes. 3. Accessibility: Computers allow for easy and quick access to information, making it easier to share and collaborate with others. (d) Three disadvantages of using computers for information processing are: 1. Dependence: When relying on computers for information processing, there is a risk of system failure, which can lead to loss of data and disruption of work. 2. Security: Storing and processing sensitive information on computers can make it vulnerable to cyber-attacks and data breaches. 3. Cost: Computers and software required for information processing can be expensive, and ongoing maintenance and upgrades can add to the overall cost.

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(a)(i) Information transmission refers to the process of sending and receiving information from one point to another through a communication medium. A simple diagram illustrating information transmission involves three components: the sender, the transmission medium, and the receiver. The sender encodes the information into a signal that is transmitted through the medium to the receiver, who then decodes the signal back into the original information. (ii) An example of information transmission is sending an email. The sender composes a message and sends it through the internet (the transmission medium) to the recipient, who receives the message and reads it. (b) (i) An example of a single user single tasking operating system is MS-DOS. It is a command-line based operating system that can only run one task at a time, and the user must complete that task before starting another. (ii) An example of a single user multitasking operating system is Windows. It allows the user to run multiple applications at the same time, switching between them as needed. (iii) An example of a multi-user operating system is Linux. It is designed to support multiple users simultaneously, allowing them to share system resources such as CPU, memory, and storage. (c) Four features of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) are: 1. Icons: GUIs use icons to represent files, folders, and applications, making it easy for users to navigate and find what they need. 2. Windows: GUIs use windows to display information and applications, allowing users to multitask by having multiple windows open at the same time. 3. Menus: GUIs use menus to provide access to various commands and features, making it easy for users to perform tasks without having to remember complex commands. 4. Point-and-click: GUIs allow users to interact with the system by pointing and clicking with a mouse, making it intuitive and easy to use.