JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2024

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The Al-Qur'an is a divine book from Allah. It is considered the holy scripture of Islam, believed to be the word of Allah (God) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel). The Qur'an is written in Arabic and consists of 114 chapters called surahs. Muslims regard it as a guide for personal conduct and spiritual life, providing instructions, teachings, and lessons for daily life. It covers various aspects of human existence, including moral, social, legal, and spiritual guidance.

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In many religious traditions, "Articles of Faith" refer to the fundamental beliefs that adherents are expected to hold. In the context of Islam, there are six core articles of faith, which include belief in:

• Allah: The one and only God, who is all-powerful and all-knowing.
• Angels: Spiritual beings created by Allah to carry out His commands.
• Prophets: Messengers chosen by Allah to guide humanity. This includes figures like Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), and the final prophet, Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him).
• Holy Books: Scriptures revealed by Allah, such as the Quran sent down to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Day of Judgment: The belief that all humans will be resurrected for judgment based on their deeds.
• Divine Decree: Belief in predestination, that Allah has knowledge and power over all things.

The word "imam" often refers to a leader in the Islamic community or particularly the prayer leader of a mosque. In some branches of Islam, such as Shia Islam, the term has a more significant theological meaning, but it typically does not appear as one of the core articles of faith that all Muslims must believe in. Therefore, belief in "imam" is not regarded as one of the fundamental articles of faith in Islam.

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Suratul Zalzalah, also known as "The Earthquake," primarily stresses the Day of Judgement. This chapter of the Quran vividly describes the significant events and scenes that will occur on this momentous day. It portrays how the earth will shake with a mighty convulsion, and everything hidden in it will be exposed. The chapter reminds believers of the consequences of their actions, as all individuals will witness the deeds they have performed, no matter how small or large. There will be a clear accountability and the splitting of good deeds and bad. The emphasis is to make people aware of the inevitable day where every soul will see the results of what it has put forward. This serves as a powerful reminder of accountability and the transient nature of worldly life.

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In Surah Quraysh, the word al-Bayt refers to the Ka'abah. The Ka'abah is an ancient and sacred structure located in the city of Mecca, which is central to Islamic worship and considered the house of Allah. The Quraysh tribe, who are the subject of this Surah, were the custodians of the Ka'abah, giving them prestige and responsibility. This sacred site plays a fundamental role in Islamic rituals, including the Hajj pilgrimage, and it was respected and venerated even before the advent of Islam. Recognizing the Ka'abah as al-Bayt highlights its spiritual and historical significance in Islam.

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Allahus Samad is translated as "Allah is eternal and absolute".

This phrase is part of Surah Al-Ikhlas from the Qur'an, specifically in verse 2. The term 'Samad' refers to Allah as the being who is independent, self-sufficient, and is not in need of anything from anyone, while everyone else relies on Him for everything. It signifies that Allah is complete, perfect, and the ultimate sustainer for all creation. Unlike any other entity, He neither ages nor experiences death, making Him truly eternal.

Thus, "Allah is eternal and absolute" captures the essence of being timeless and beyond all limitations, qualities that are exclusive to Allah.

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The term Khulafa'ul-Rashidun refers to the Rightly Guided Caliphs, who are considered the first four leaders after the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in early Islamic history. These leaders are recognized for their just and effective governance. The Khulafa'ul-Rashidun are:

• Abu Bakr (r.a.), who served as the first caliph.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab (r.a.), the second caliph known for his administrative acumen.
• Uthman ibn Affan (r.a.), the third caliph recognized for compiling the Quran.
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (r.a.), the fourth caliph known for his wisdom and knowledge.

Thus, the correct number of Khulafa'ul-Rashidun is four.

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When we talk about sources of pure water, we are referring to origins where water is naturally found in a state suitable for drinking, without contamination. Let's analyze the sources listed:

• Rain: Rainwater is generally considered pure as it comes directly from the atmosphere, free of most contaminants. It hasn't picked up pollutants from the ground yet, which makes it a viable source of pure water.
• Stream: Streams consist of water that flows naturally over the Earth’s surface. They are often sourced from rainfall or groundwater and generally contain low levels of contaminants, though the purity can vary based on location and pollutant exposure. It is typically cleaner than rivers or lakes.
• River: Rivers are larger bodies of flowing water. While they can start relatively clean, as rivers travel, they often collect pollutants from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and urban areas. This means that river water is rarely considered pure without treatment.
• Sewage: Sewage is a collection of wastewater from domestic, industrial, and stormwater sources. It contains a high level of organic waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. Therefore, sewage is definitely not a source of pure water.

Given this analysis, **sewage** is the one that is not a source of pure water by any means. It requires extensive treatment to remove contaminants before it can be considered safe or pure for consumption or release back into the environment.

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The preservation of the al-Qur'an is a significant aspect of Islamic tradition and history. Several key processes have been involved in ensuring that it remains unchanged and authentic over centuries. These processes include:

Arrangement: The chapters (known as Surahs) and verses (Ayahs) of the Qur'an were meticulously arranged under the guidance of Prophet Muhammad. The arrangement plays a crucial role in its preservation by maintaining the order that was divinely inspired.

Standardization: Over time, different dialects and readings of the Qur'an began to emerge. To preserve the uniformity and accuracy of the Qur'an's recitation and written form, Caliph Uthman ibn Affan standardized the text. This involved producing a single, unified version of the Qur'an and distributing it to different regions. This step was vital to ensure that all Muslims, regardless of their location, were using the same text.

Compilation: The Qur'an was initially revealed orally and then memorized by the followers of Islam. However, after the passing of the Prophet Muhammad, it was compiled into a written book. The first comprehensive compilation was carried out during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph, under the leadership of Zayd ibn Thabit. This ensured that the oral transmission was accurately reflected in a physical form.

The option that is not part of the preservation of the al-Qur'an is italicization. Italicization is a typographic style that is used in writing to emphasize certain words or passages. While it might be used in modern printing or digital texts to highlight or differentiate certain parts for stylistic purposes, it is not a fundamental element of the traditional or historical process of preserving the Quranic text. The preservation of the Qur'an relies on the accurate transmission, memorization, and reproduction of its content without alterations in its text, including its style. Therefore, italicization does not play a role in its historical preservation.

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The phrase "Subhana Rabbiyal azim wabihamdih" is recited during **Ruku** in Islamic prayers. **Ruku** refers to the bowing position in the prayer, where a person bends forward at the waist while keeping their back and head level, and hands on the knees. During this position, it is customary to recite words of glorification and praise to Allah, and "Subhana Rabbiyal azim wabihamdih" translates to "Glory is to my Lord, the Most Great, and praising Him," which fits perfectly with the spirit of humility and reverence displayed in **Ruku**.

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In Islamic jurisprudence, Ghuslul Janabah is the ritual bath performed after sexual intercourse, menstruation, or childbirth.

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Surah Al-Zalzalah, also known as "The Earthquake," is a chapter in the Quran that emphasizes the **Day of Judgement.** This surah illustrates the magnitude and consequences of that day, when the earth will shake violently and reveal all its burdens. On this day, all human actions, regardless of their significance, will be exposed and judged.

The core message of Surah Al-Zalzalah is to remind people about the **inevitability of the Day of Judgement** when everyone will be held accountable for their deeds. This serves as a powerful reminder for individuals to live a righteous life, being conscious of their actions and understanding that everything will be scrutinized on this decisive day.

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The phrase "Lakum Dinukum Waliyadin" is from the last verse of Surah Al-Kafirun. Surah Al-Kafirun is the 109th chapter of the Qur'an. The chapter is comprised of six verses and emphasizes the distinction between Islam and disbelief. The phrase itself means "To you be your religion, and to me my religion," highlighting the Qur'anic principle of religious tolerance and respect for differing beliefs. This concluding verse reinforces the message of mutual respect and the notion that everyone is responsible for their own faith.

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Salatul-Tarawih is observed in the month of Ramadan.

Let me explain:

Islamic months have unique significances, and Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, known worldwide as a holy month of fasting, reflection, devotion, and prayer for Muslims. One of the special practices during this month is the performance of Tarawih prayers.

Salatul-Tarawih, or "the Tarawih prayer," is a prayer that is specifically conducted at night during the month of Ramadan. It entails the recitation of parts of the Qur'an and is held after the obligatory Isha (night) prayer. The practice of these prayers during this month holds great importance because it is believed that engaging in spiritual activities during Ramadan brings forth immense rewards and closeness to Allah.

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The term "Hasan" refers to a **"sound" Hadith**. In the science of Hadith evaluation, which is used to assess the reliability of sayings, actions, or approvals attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, Hadiths are categorized based on their authenticity. The categories are determined by evaluating the chain of narrators, the content, and other factors.

A Hadith classified as "Hasan" is a sound Hadith that is somewhat less reliable than a "Sahih" Hadith, which is classified as authentic or genuine. A Hasan Hadith has a good chain of narrators and is free from major defects. It is used as evidence, but it is not quite as strong as a Sahih Hadith.

To summarize:

• A **Hasan** Hadith is considered **sound**.
• This means it is **reliable but not to the highest level of authenticity**, like a Sahih Hadith.

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A person who worships other beings is called an Idolater.

The term "Idolater" is derived from the word "idolatry," which refers to the practice of worshiping idols or other beings apart from a central, often monotheistic, deity. In many religious contexts, this means showing reverence to deities or objects that are considered false or secondary to a supreme being. It reflects the act of giving undue importance to physical representations or other divine figures, rather than adhering to the belief in a single, ultimate deity.

This concept is important in various religions, where the act of worship should be directed toward one main god, and worshipping other entities is seen as a deviation from this practice.

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In various contexts, particularly in religious and philosophical studies, **revelations** are understood through different types. Here is a simple breakdown:

• General Revelation: This is the knowledge of the divine or spiritual matters accessible to people through nature, history, and human conscience. It refers to how the natural world and universe display the existence and power of a divine being.
• Special Revelation: This involves more direct and detailed divine communication to specific individuals or groups. It can include visions, dreams, prophetic messages, or religious texts that are believed to be inspired by a divine force.
• Personal Revelation: This is a form of revelation experienced on a personal level, often described as an individual receiving insight or understanding regarding their life path or the nature of the universe. This might not be accessible or verifiable by others.

In this context, there are **three types of revelations**: General, Special, and Personal. Understanding each type helps in comprehending how individuals and communities perceive and interact with the divine or spiritual aspects of life.

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The term **Ulul Azim** refers to a group of important and resolute prophets in Islam. The phrase is Arabic, where **"Ulul"** means "possessors" or "owners," and **"Azim"** signifies "steadfastness," "determination," or "resolution." These prophets are distinguished by their exceptional patience, strong will, and their role in conveying major divine messages to guide humanity.

There are **five** prophets identified as **Ulul Azim**. They are:

• Prophet Noah (Nuh) - Recognized for his perseverance in preaching the oneness of God despite the ridicule he faced from his people.
• Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) - Known for his dedication and belief in monotheism, even when faced with immense challenges including a test involving his son.
• Prophet Moses (Musa) - He led the Israelites out of Egypt and received the commandments on Mount Sinai, significantly shaping the course of religious history.
• Prophet Jesus (Isa) - His teachings and miracles were pivotal, and his message centered around love, forgiveness, and devotion to God.
• Prophet Muhammad - The final prophet in Islam, who conveyed the message of the Quran and established the foundation for the Muslim community.

In summary, the **Ulul Azim** are the **five** prophets known for their strong will, determination, and influential roles in delivering God's messages to humanity.

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The term Al-Rahman is an Arabic word that is often translated to mean "The Merciful". It is one of the many names and attributes of God in Islam.

Here is why Al-Rahman is associated with being merciful:

• The root of the word Rahman comes from the Arabic letters "R-H-M," which relate to mercy and compassion.
• In Islamic theology, Al-Rahman signifies God's boundless and all-encompassing mercy and compassion towards all creation.
• This attribute emphasizes God’s kindness and a willingness to forgive and provide, reflecting a deep sense of empathy and care for all beings.

Therefore, when someone refers to God as Al-Rahman, they are invoking and acknowledging His attribute of vast and universal mercy. This term is often used in Islamic prayers and scriptures to highlight God's compassionate nature.

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When a person is in the state of ihram, which is a sacred state a Muslim must enter to perform the pilgrimage (Hajj or Umrah), there are specific acts that are prohibited. These acts are intended to maintain the sanctity of the religious practice. Let's explore which acts are prohibited and the exception among them.

• Sexual intercourse is prohibited while in the state of ihram. One must refrain from any such intimate relations until the completion of the pilgrimage rituals.
• Shaving or cutting one's hair is also prohibited during ihram. This is to demonstrate a departure from worldly concerns and maintain a humble and simplistic approach during the pilgrimage.
• Hunting is prohibited while in ihram as well. Hunting or intentionally killing any animal is not allowed, emphasizing respect for all forms of life during this holy period.

The exception among these acts is bathing. Bathing is allowed while in ihram to maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness, as cleanliness is an integral part of Islamic practices. However, while bathing, one must avoid the use of scented products or soaps, as wearing anything that has a fragrance is not allowed during ihram.

In conclusion, while in the state of ihram, sexual intercourse, shaving, and hunting are prohibited, whereas bathing is permitted as long as it abides by the guidelines of avoiding scented substances.

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Washing hands up to the elbows is considered a recommended act (sunnah) during ablution.

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The individual who attempted to destroy the Ka'abah was Abrahah. Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen during the 6th century who wanted to make his cathedral in Yemen the main place of pilgrimage. To achieve this, he planned to destroy the Ka'abah, which was already a significant religious site for the people of the Arabian Peninsula.

Abrahah led a military expedition, which included elephants, to Mecca with the intent of demolishing the Ka'abah. This historical event is famously known as the "Year of the Elephant." According to Islamic tradition, Allah sent a flock of birds carrying small stones to attack Abrahah's army, ultimately thwarting their plans and protecting the Ka'abah.

This event is mentioned in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Fil (Chapter of the Elephant), highlighting its significance in Islamic history. The defeat of Abrahah's army is considered a miraculous protection of the Ka'abah and serves as a demonstration of divine intervention.

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In Islamic practice, **"Sand ablution"** is known as Tayammum. Tayammum is an alternative to traditional *Wudu* (ablution) when water is not available or when someone is unable to use water due to health issues. It involves using clean earth, typically sand or dust, to purify oneself before performing prayers.

Here is a simple way to perform Tayammum:

• First, make the intention to perform Tayammum in your heart.
• Find a clean spot of earth, sand, or dust. Place your hands flat on the ground.
• Strike the earth lightly with both your hands.
• Wipe over your entire face with the dust from your hands.
• Then, wipe your right hand with your left hand and your left hand with your right hand.

This act of cleansing symbolizes purity and is an important practice for maintaining cleanliness in Islamic rituals, particularly when traditional methods are not possible.

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In Islamic tradition, the two angels responsible for recording an individual's deeds are Raqib and Atid. These two angels are often referred to collectively as the "Kiram and Katibin," which means the Honorable Recorders. Their role is to meticulously note down every good and bad deed performed by an individual.

Raqib is stationed on a person's right side and records all the good deeds they perform. In contrast, Atid is positioned on the left side and is responsible for noting any wrongdoings or sins.

This concept emphasizes personal accountability and awareness of one's actions, reminding individuals that their deeds are being observed and recorded for future judgment. It serves as a moral compass, encouraging people to do good and avoid evil. Thus, Raqib and Atid play a significant role in guiding ethical and moral behavior in the Islamic faith.

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The word al-Qari'ah, which means "The Calamity," is an important term found in the Quran, particularly in a chapter named after it. This chapter is Chapter 101, also known as Surah al-Qari'ah. In this chapter, the word al-Qari'ah is repeated a total of three times. The repeated mention emphasizes the catastrophic nature of the events described. Thus, the correct answer is three.

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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Hijrah calendar, also known as the Islamic or lunar calendar.

The Hijrah calendar is a lunar calendar, meaning it is based on the cycles of the moon, unlike the Gregorian calendar, which is based on the solar cycle. The Islamic calendar consists of 12 months, and Ramadan holds significant religious importance for Muslims around the world.

During the month of Ramadan, Muslims observe fasting from dawn to sunset as a form of worship and self-discipline. It is a time for increased prayer, reflection, and community engagement. Fasting during this month is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, making it a crucial time for spiritual growth and community bonding.

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The Quran, which is the holy book of Islam, contains a total of 114 chapters. These chapters are referred to as "Surahs" in Arabic. Each Surah serves as a chapter of the book, varying in length and covering different aspects of spiritual guidance, moral principles, and laws for living a righteous life according to Islamic beliefs.

The Surahs have been arranged in a particular sequence, which is believed to be divinely inspired, and they vary from very short chapters, such as Surah Al-Kawthar, to much longer ones, like Surah Al-Baqarah. These chapters together comprise the Quran, which is considered by Muslims to be the literal word of God (Allah) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that the Quran contains 114 chapters.

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The **Zuhr prayer** is a significant part of the daily prayers in Islam. It consists of four units of prayer, also known as **raka'at**.

The Zuhr prayer is offered after midday, when the sun has passed its zenith, and it is one of the five daily prayers that are obligatory for Muslims. The **raka'at** refer to the units or cycles within a prayer, and each unit includes specific postures and recitations. For the **Zuhr prayer**, these cycles are repeated four times, making it a total of **four raka'at**.

This four-unit structure helps offer a suitable amount of time for personal reflection, spiritual connection, and devotion during the middle of the day, helping individuals to take a pause from their daily activities and focus on their faith.

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In Islamic tradition, the angel who is in charge of rain is Mika'il, also known as Michael. Mika'il is one of the four archangels in Islam.

Mika'il's responsibilities include the distribution of nourishment to creatures and ensuring that the earth receives water through rainfall, which is essential for sustaining life. He manages the natural world and the sustenance provided by it. This role is vital because rain is crucial for replenishing water supplies, irrigating plants, and maintaining ecological balance.

In summary, Mika'il is recognized in Islamic teachings as the angel who oversees rainfall and natural provisions, thereby playing a critical role in sustaining life on Earth.

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The pilgrims go to Arafah on the ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah. This day is known as the Day of Arafah, and it is one of the most important days during the Hajj pilgrimage. On this day, pilgrims gather in the plain of Arafah to perform prayers, seek forgiveness, and engage in supplication. The gathering at Arafah is an essential part of the Hajj rituals, and it symbolizes unity and devotion among Muslims from all over the world.

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Eid al-Adha, also known as the "Festival of Sacrifice," is observed on the tenth day of the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah. This is a significant time in the Islamic calendar as Muslims worldwide commemorate the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God. Before the sacrifice was carried out, God provided a ram to sacrifice instead, symbolizing divine intervention and mercy.

Eid al-Adha coincides with the completion of the pilgrimage rites by millions of Muslims in Mecca, known as Hajj, which also occurs in this holy month. The first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah are particularly important, culminating in Eid al-Adha on the tenth day. Therefore, the correct answer to when Eid al-Adha is observed is the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.

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The acts of Hajj are the rituals that Muslims perform as part of the pilgrimage to Mecca, and each of them has specific significance and requirements. In the list you've provided, three of the terms directly relate to the rituals of Hajj, while one stands out as not being an act of Hajj.

Tawaf is a key ritual in Hajj, which involves circumambulating the Kaaba seven times in a counter-clockwise direction. It symbolizes the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God, moving around the central point of their faith.

Ihram is the sacred state that a pilgrim must enter before performing the rites of Hajj. It involves wearing specific garments and abstaining from certain actions such as cutting hair or nails, engaging in marital relations, and hunting, as a means to prepare spiritually for the pilgrimage.

Talbiyyah is a devotional phrase repeatedly uttered by pilgrims as they proceed with the rituals of Hajj. It reflects the pilgrim's intention and readiness to perform Hajj, declaring their servitude to Allah and reinforcing their spiritual commitment.

Ziyarah generally refers to visiting holy sites and is not specific to the rituals of Hajj. While visiting places such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina is recommended, it is not a formal part of the Hajj pilgrimage, hence it is not an act of Hajj.

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The chain of narrators of a Hadith is called Isnad. In Islamic tradition, a Hadith refers to the sayings, actions, or approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. To ensure the authenticity of a Hadith, it is essential to have a reliable chain of transmission, known as the Isnad.

The Isnad is essentially a list of individuals who have passed the Hadith from one person to another, ultimately tracing it back to the Prophet Muhammad or his companions. Each person in the chain is referred to as a "narrator."

The authenticity of a Hadith heavily depends on the credibility and reliability of the narrators in the Isnad. Scholars meticulously study the chain to determine whether the narrators were trustworthy and whether they actually met each other and transmitted the information accurately.

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In Islam, the rules regarding marriage are outlined in the Quran and Hadith. They provide clear guidelines on who a Muslim can and cannot marry. Among the options listed:

• Divorce: A Muslim can marry someone who is divorced. There are specific rules about the waiting period, known as "iddah," for a woman who is divorced or widowed before she can remarry.
• Blood Sister: A Muslim cannot marry his blood sister. It is strictly prohibited, as marrying direct blood relatives is considered incestuous and is not allowed in Islam.
• Friend's Daughter: A Muslim can marry a friend's daughter as long as there is mutual consent and the marriage aligns with the Islamic principles and family agreements.
• Cousin: In Islam, marrying a cousin is allowed. It is quite common in many cultures around the world and is not prohibited by religious laws.

Therefore, among the options provided, a Muslim cannot marry their blood sister due to the prohibition against marrying close blood relatives.

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Hadith is classified into two main groups:
1. Sahih (authentic): These are Hadith that are considered to be genuine and reliable, meeting the highest standards of authenticity.
2. Daif (weak): These are Hadith that are considered to be less reliable or authentic, due to issues with the chain of narrators or other factors.
However, some scholars also categorize Hadith into additional groups, such as:
- Hasan (good): These are Hadith that are considered to be reliable, but not to the same level as Sahih.
Mawdu' (fabricated): These are Hadith that are considered to be false or fabricated.
Maqlub (reversed): These are Hadith that have been altered or distorted in some way.
But the most common and basic classification is into two groups: Sahih and Daif.

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The phrase "Iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'in" is found in Surat Al-Fatihah. Al-Fatihah is the opening chapter of the Quran, and it holds a special significance in Islamic prayer as it is recited in every unit of the Muslim prayer (Salah).

Al-Fatihah, also referred to as "The Opening," consists of seven verses. The phrase in question means "You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help", emphasizing the monotheistic worship of and reliance on Allah.

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Surah Al-Qariah, also known as "The Calamity," is a chapter in the Quran. It consists of eleven verses. This Surah is part of the thirty-seventh Juz' of the Quran. The chapter primarily emphasizes the significance of the Day of Judgment, highlighting the chaos and distress it will bring. It describes how people's deeds will be weighed, and the impact that will have on their eternal fate. The concise and vivid imagery in this Surah serves to remind individuals of the eventual divine accountability they face, encouraging them to lead a righteous life.

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Tawaf is the circumambulation of the Ka'bah, and it is an essential ritual during the Hajj pilgrimage.

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The person who attempted to destroy the Ka'bah is Abrahah. This historical event is associated with an incident called the "Year of the Elephant". Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen who wanted to divert the pilgrimage to Yemen by destroying the Ka'bah, which is located in Mecca.

Abrahah led a formidable army, which included war elephants, towards Mecca. However, according to Islamic tradition, when Abrahah's army approached Mecca, their plan was thwarted by a divine intervention. It is believed that flocks of birds, known as "Ababil", were sent by God who dropped small stones upon Abrahah's army. This event is mentioned in the Quran in Surah Al-Fil (The Elephant), vividly depicting how Abrahah's forces were defeated.

The event of the attempted destruction is significant in Islamic history and is considered a miracle that affirmed the sacredness and protection of the Ka'bah. This incident is also noteworthy as it occurred in the same year the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born.