Further Pure Mathematics - 4PM1 PearsonEdexcel

Integration

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Differentiation tells you the rate at which a quantity changes. Integration is the reverse operation: given a rate, it reconstructs the original quantity. This single idea connects velocity to displacement, marginal cost to total cost, and gradient functions to the curves they describe.

In this topic you will learn how to integrate powers of x, trigonometric functions and exponentials. You will master both indefinite integrals (with the constant of integration) and definite integrals (evaluated between limits). Every technique builds directly on differentiation rules you already know, so the journey from derivative to integral is shorter than you might expect.

Ebumnobi

Integrate sums of multiples of powers of x (excluding 1/x), sin ax, cos ax and e^(ax)

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

When you differentiate a function, you find its gradient function. Integration reverses that process: given a gradient function, you recover the original curve. Because many different curves can share the same gradient function (they differ only by a vertical shift), every indefinite integral carries a constant of integration, written \(+ C\).

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Integration. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

What is the integral of x^4 with respect to x? A) 4x^3 + C B) x^5/5 + C C) x^5/4 + C D) 5x^5 + C Answer: B
What is the integral of sin(2x) with respect to x? A) 2cos(2x) + C B) -2cos(2x) + C C) -(1/2)cos(2x) + C D) (1/2)cos(2x) + C Answer: C
What is the integral of e^(3x) with respect to x? A) 3e^(3x) + C B) (1/3)e^(3x) + C C) e^(3x)/x + C D) e^(4x)/4 + C Answer: B
Which of the following is the correct evaluation of the integral of 6x^2 from x = 0 to x = 2? A) 12 B) 16 C) 24 D) 8 Answer: B
Why is a constant of integration C included in an indefinite integral? A) It accounts for rounding errors B) It represents any constant that vanishes on differentiation C) It is only needed when the integrand is negative D) It corrects the power rule Answer: B