Physics (9-1) - 0972 CIE

Momentum

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

A loaded lorry rolling slowly can do far more damage than a fast tennis ball, and a rifle kicks backwards the instant a bullet leaves it. Both facts come from one powerful idea: momentum. It combines how much matter is moving with how fast it moves, and it obeys a conservation law that lets you predict what happens in collisions and explosions.

In this Supplement topic you will define momentum and impulse, link force to the rate of change of momentum, and use conservation of momentum to solve one-dimensional collision problems. You will also see why crumple zones and 'following through' in sport both come down to changing momentum over a longer or shorter time.

Ebumnobi

[Supplement] Define momentum as mass × velocity; recall and use the equation p = mv
[Supplement] Define impulse as force × time for which force acts; recall and use the equation impulse = F∆t = ∆(mv)
[Supplement] Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension
[Supplement] Define resultant force as the change in momentum per unit time; recall and use the equation ∆p F = ∆t

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Momentum explains crashes, rockets, recoil and sport. Crumple zones, air bags and catching a ball gently all work by controlling how quickly momentum changes. In the exam, momentum is a reliable source of calculation marks: you are expected to use \( p = mv \), conservation of momentum, and the force equation confidently.

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Momentum. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

The momentum of a 4 kg object moving at 5 m/s is: A. 0.8 kg m/s B. 20 kg m/s C. 9 kg m/s D. 1.25 kg m/s Answer: B
Impulse is equal to: A. mass times acceleration B. force times distance C. the change in momentum D. mass times velocity squared Answer: C
A 2 kg trolley at 6 m/s hits a stationary 4 kg trolley and they move off together. Their common velocity is: A. 6 m/s B. 3 m/s C. 2 m/s D. 12 m/s Answer: C
Crumple zones reduce the force in a crash because they: A. increase the change in momentum B. increase the collision time C. reduce the mass of the car D. increase the speed of impact Answer: B
A resultant force equals: A. momentum times time B. change in momentum per unit time C. mass per unit velocity D. velocity per unit time Answer: B