Section A: The Challenge Of Natural Hazards
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
On 27 February 2010 an earthquake of magnitude 8.8 struck off the coast of Chile. On 25 April 2015 an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck Nepal. The Chilean earthquake released far more energy, yet it killed about 525 people; the Nepalese one killed close to 9,000. Nothing about the rocks explains that difference. Everything about the two countries does. That gap between the size of an event and the size of the disaster is the single most important idea in this whole section.
In this lesson you will build the physical machinery first: why plates move, what happens at each kind of margin, why the world's tropical storms sit in the same narrow bands year after year, and why the atmosphere circulates in cells at all. Then you will use that machinery to answer the questions the examiner actually asks. Why do people stay in places they know will shake? Which responses matter most, the ones in the first week or the ones in the following decade? And how much of the changing climate is us?
Ebumnobi
- Natural hazards pose major risks to people and property.
- Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are the result of physical processes.
- The effects of, and responses to, earthquakes and volcanoes vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth.
- Management can reduce the effects of a tectonic hazard.
- Weather hazards Global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate. Tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons) develop as a result of particular physical conditions.
- Tropical storms have significant effects on people and the environment.
- Climate change Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects.
- Managing climate change involves both mitigation (reducing causes) and adaptation (responding to change).
- Definition of a natural hazard; types of natural hazard; factors affecting hazard risk.
- Plate tectonics theory.
- Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and their relationship to plate margins. Physical processes taking place at different types of plate margin (constructive, destructive and conservative) that lead to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Primary and secondary effects of earthquakes and volcanoes.
- Immediate and long-term responses to hazards resulting from earthquakes and volcanoes. Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to tectonic hazards vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth. Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from earthquakes and volcanoes. How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks from earthquakes and volcanoes.
- General atmospheric circulation model: pressure belts and surface winds.
- Global distribution of tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons).
- An understanding of the relationship between tropical storms and general atmospheric circulation. Causes of tropical storms and the sequence of their formation and development. The structure and features of a tropical storm; how climate change might affect the distribution, frequency and intensity of tropical storms. Primary and secondary effects of tropical storms.
- Immediate and long-term responses to tropical storms. Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses. How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms.
- Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day.
- Possible causes of climate change:
- natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output
- human factors - use of fossil fuels, agriculture and deforestation. Overview of the effects of climate change on people and the environment. Managing climate change:
- mitigation - alternative energy production, carbon capture, planting trees, international agreements
- adaptation - change in agricultural systems, managing water supply, reducing risk from rising sea levels.
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Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Section A: The Challenge Of Natural Hazards. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- At which type of plate margin is crust neither created nor destroyed? A. Constructive B. Destructive C. Conservative D. Collision Answer: C
- Which of the following is a secondary effect of an earthquake? A. A bridge collapses as the ground shakes B. A fire spreads after a gas main fractures C. A road surface cracks open D. A wall falls on a parked car Answer: B
- What is the minimum sea surface temperature normally needed for a tropical storm to form? A. About 17 degrees Celsius B. About 22 degrees Celsius C. About 27 degrees Celsius D. About 32 degrees Celsius Answer: C
- Which of these is an example of mitigation rather than adaptation? A. Building a sea wall B. Breeding a drought tolerant crop C. Installing carbon capture at a power station D. Raising houses on stilts Answer: C
- Where in a tropical storm are the strongest winds found? A. In the eye B. In the eyewall C. In the outermost rainband D. Evenly throughout the storm Answer: B
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