Sciences - Co-ordinated (9-1) - 0973 CIE

Fuels

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

The petrol in a car, the kerosene in a jet, the bitumen under a road and the gas on a stove all start as the same black, sticky liquid pumped from underground. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and turning it into these very different useful products is one of the great industrial achievements of chemistry.

In this lesson you will learn what the fossil fuels are, why methane is the main part of natural gas, and how petroleum is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. You will follow how boiling point, chain length, volatility and viscosity change up the fractionating column, and learn the main use of each fraction.

Ebumnobi

Name the fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum.
Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas.
State that hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.
State that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Describe the separation of petroleum into useful fractions by fractional distillation.
Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to: (a) decreasing chain length (b) higher volatility (c) lower boiling points (d) lower viscosity.
Name the uses of the fractions as: (a) refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking (b) gasoline / petrol fraction for fuel used in cars (c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock (d) kerosene / paraffin fraction for jet fuel (e) diesel oil / gas oil fraction for fuel used in diesel engines (f) fuel oil fraction for fuel used in ships and home heating systems (g) lubricating oil fraction for lubricants, waxes and polishes (h) bitumen fraction for making roads.

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Almost everything that moves, from cars and lorries to ships and aeroplanes, runs on a fraction of petroleum, and petroleum also supplies the raw materials for plastics and many chemicals. Knowing how a single crude mixture is split into these products, and why each fraction suits its job, is essential chemistry and a regular exam topic.

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Fuels. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

What is the main constituent of natural gas? A. Ethane B. Methane C. Propane D. Hydrogen Answer: B
Petroleum is best described as: A. a compound of carbon B. a single hydrocarbon C. a mixture of hydrocarbons D. an element Answer: C
Going up the fractionating column, the boiling point of the fractions: A. increases B. decreases C. stays the same D. first rises then falls Answer: B
Which fraction is used as jet fuel? A. Bitumen B. Petrol C. Kerosene D. Refinery gas Answer: C
Which fraction is used for making roads? A. Naphtha B. Bitumen C. Diesel oil D. Lubricating oil Answer: B