Islamic Economic System

Tawhid and Fiqh Overview

The Islamic economic system is deeply rooted in the concept of Tawhid, which emphasizes the oneness of Allah and the belief in His sovereignty over all aspects of life, including economics. Tawhid is not only a theological principle but also a guiding force in shaping the economic practices of Muslims. It underscores the idea that all economic activities should be conducted in accordance with the principles laid down by Allah in the Quran and exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW).

One of the fundamental principles of the Islamic economic system is the prohibition of Riba, which refers to interest or usury. Islam categorically prohibits any form of exploitative gains or unjust enrichment through interest-based transactions. This prohibition is in line with the broader concept of justice and fairness that underpins Islamic teachings.

At-Tatfif, as mentioned in the Quran, condemns the practice of cheating or short-changing in business transactions. It enjoins Muslims to uphold honesty and integrity in their dealings, ensuring that they give full measure and weight when transacting with others. The consequences of violating this principle are severe, leading to societal discord and economic imbalance.

Ihtikar, the hoarding of goods to create artificial scarcity and manipulate prices, is another practice prohibited in Islam. It goes against the principles of fair competition and equitable distribution of resources, leading to economic instability and social injustice. Muslims are encouraged to engage in trade and commerce with a spirit of cooperation and mutual benefit, rather than selfish gain at the expense of others.

In Islam, the main sources of revenue include Zakah, Jizyah, Kharaj, and Ghanimah. Zakah, a form of obligatory charity, is levied on eligible assets to help the needy and promote social welfare. Jizyah is a tax paid by non-Muslims living in an Islamic state in exchange for protection and services. Kharaj is a land tax levied on agricultural produce, while Ghanimah refers to spoils of war acquired through legitimate means.

Baitul-Mal serves as an institution of socio-economic welfare in the Muslim community, pooling and managing resources for the benefit of the less fortunate. It plays a crucial role in providing financial assistance, supporting public infrastructure projects, and addressing the needs of vulnerable groups. The disbursement of revenue from Baitul-Mal is governed by Islamic principles of equity and social justice, ensuring that funds are allocated efficiently and transparently.

The Islamic economic system differs significantly from the Western economic system in its underlying principles and objectives. While Western economics is often driven by profit-maximization and individual wealth accumulation, Islamic economics prioritizes social responsibility, wealth distribution, and ethical business practices. The emphasis on justice, moderation, and compassion distinguishes the Islamic economic model as a holistic system that integrates spiritual values with material well-being.