Chemistry - 4CH1 PearsonEdexcel

Alkanes

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Alkanes are the simplest family of organic molecules and the backbone of the fossil fuel industry. From the methane that heats your home to the octane that powers a car, these compounds are everywhere in daily life, yet their chemistry is surprisingly straightforward once you grasp one idea: saturation.

In this lesson you will learn the general formula for alkanes, how to name and draw the first five members, why they are classified as saturated hydrocarbons, and how they react with halogens under ultraviolet light. These are core specification points that Edexcel revisits in both Paper 1 and Paper 2.

Ebumnobi

know the general formula for alkanes
explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons
understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the unbranched-chain isomers
describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Open a gas tap in a chemistry lab and you release methane, the simplest alkane. Fill a car with petrol and you are pouring a blend of alkanes with seven to ten carbon atoms. These molecules share a common trait: every carbon-carbon bond is a single bond. That one fact determines their formula, their shape, and most of their chemistry.

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Alkanes. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

What is the general formula for alkanes? A) CnH2n B) CnH2n+2 C) CnH2n-2 D) CnH2n+1OH Answer: B
How many hydrogen atoms does pentane (C5H12) have? A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 14 Answer: C
Alkanes are described as saturated because they: A) Dissolve in water B) Contain only single C-C bonds C) Contain double bonds D) React with all reagents Answer: B
What condition is needed for methane to react with chlorine? A) Heat B) A catalyst C) Ultraviolet radiation D) High pressure Answer: C
The reaction of an alkane with a halogen in UV light is an example of: A) Addition B) Substitution C) Neutralisation D) Decomposition Answer: B